Figure 2. Transgenerational effects of BPA or EE2 exposures in fertilization capacity and survival of medaka.

On the X axis, chemical names refer to corresponding lineages of F0 ancestors who were exposed during early development to exposure chemicals and never exposed after hatching. F2 fertilization capacity (A), F3 embryo survival (B), F3 fertilization capacity (C), and F4 embryo survival (D). BPA (100 μg/L) or EE2 (0.05 μg/L) exposures during embryonic development led to a significant reduction in fertilization capacity of breeding pairs and increase in embryo mortality in F2 through F4 generations. Statistical differences were calculated against same generation controls using a student's t-test; p values for these comparisons are as indicated (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).