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(1) Immobilization of the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe; and (2) hybridization of the target DNA onto poly(JUG-co-JUGA)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) together with the corresponding square wave voltammetry (SWV) signals for (1) PNA probe immobilization, and (2) target DNA hybridization. (Reproduced with permission from [182]. Copyright 2014, Elsevier.)
