Figure 4.

Restricting the parasite development to Liver stage and generation of immune responses. RTS,S vaccines targeting the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of the parasite generates mainly antibody responses against the CSP that acts on the sporozoite to prevent its invasion into hepatocytes. Allicin from the garlic cloves also would act in similar manner (prevention of hepatocyte invasion by spz) by eliminating CSP processing. After invading the hepatocyte sporozoite will undergo further development, and merozoites released infect the RBCs and start degrading Hb. Heme released is polymerized to curtail its toxicity on the parasite. Chloroquine at this stage blocks the heme polymerization and kills the parasite. Thus, chloroquine (or compounds from food having similar action) would restrict the parasite development. Parasitic antigens released from the infected RBCs might generate the humoral and cellular responses to the blood stage parasite and also against the cross stage antigens from liver stage parasite (69).