Table 4.

Pairwise Comparisons (Outcome Variable: NHPPT Total Score = Everyday Function)

Group Contrast	df	Mean Difference	p-value (t-test)	(95% Confidence Interval)		ES (d)
				Lower	Upper
E vs. UC	63	0.69	0.31	−2.03	0.65	0.25
E vs. SA	67	−0.97	0.14	−2.27	0.32	0.36
ESA vs. UC	48	−2.17	0.006*	−3.69	−0.64	0.80
ESA vs. SA	52	−2.46	0.001*	−3.94	−0.97	0.91

Abbreviations: NHPPT= Nursing Home Physical Performance Test; UC=usual care control; SA=individualized social activity; E=physical resistance training and walking exercise; ESA=both E and SA; d indicates ES (Cohen's) ABS (x̄_a-x̄_b/s) Mean Difference is calculated as UC-SA, UC-E, UC-ESA, SA-E, SA-ESA, and E-ESA

As expected UC vs SA had a non-significant t-test value (df=58; p=0.68). E vs ESA had a significant (df=52; p=0.04) NHPPT scores are derived from the 6 performance tasks scored according to task performance (0-24) with higher score indicating higher performance.