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. 2015 Mar 20;6:78. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00078

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Copyright © 2015 Adeniran, MacIver, Hancox and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Single cell simulations of HFpEF. (Ai–Ci) Control (black) and HFpEF (green) action potentials in the EPI (Ai), MCELL (Bi), and ENDO (Ci) cell models. (Aii–Cii) Control (black) and HFpEF (green) cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration in the EPI (Aii), MCELL (Bii), and ENDO (Cii) cell models. (Aiii–Ciii) Control (black) and HFpEF (green) sarcomere length (SL) in the EPI (Aiii), MCELL (Biii), and ENDO (Ciii) cell models. (Aiv–Civ) Control (black) and HFpEF (green) active force in the EPI (Aiv), MCELL (Biv), and ENDO (Civ) cell models. Values are normalized to Control maximum active force for each cell type.