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. 2015 Mar 20;6:78. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00078

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Copyright © 2015 Adeniran, MacIver, Hancox and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of HFpEF and HFrEF on underlying ion channel currents, concentrations and force generation. (A) Control (black), HFpEF (green), and HFrEF (red) action potentials. (B) I_CaL current profile in control (black), HFpEF (green), and HFrEF (red). (C) I_NaCa current profile in control (black), HFpEF (green), and HFrEF (red). (D) SR Ca²⁺ content profile in control (black), HFpEF (green), and HFrEF (red). (E) I_pCa current profile in control (black), HFpEF (green), and HFrEF (red). (F) [Na]_i time course in control (black), HFpEF (green), and HFrEF (red). (G) [K]_i time course in control (black), HFpEF (green), and HFrEF (red). (H) I_NaK current profile in control (black) HFpEF (green), and HFrEF (red). (I) J_up (Ca²⁺ uptake via SERCA pump) profile in control (black), HFpEF (green), and HFrEF (red). (J) Ca²⁺ concentration in Control (black) HFpEF (green), and HFrEF (red) cytosolic. (K) Sarcomere length (SL) in control (black), HFpEF (green), and HFrEF (red). (L) Active force in control (black), HFpEF (green), and HFrEF (red). Values are normalized to Control maximum active force.