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. 2015 Mar 20;6:78. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00078

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Copyright © 2015 Adeniran, MacIver, Hancox and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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HFpEF Model sensitivity to increasing NCX activity and its influence on incomplete relaxation in the cellular model. Simulation results were compared between control (in absence of ionic current remodeling) and HFpEF condition. HFpEF simulations were performed with parameters as listed in Table 1, but with NCX activity changing from 70% (HFpEF condition) to 100, 150, and 175% (HFrEF condition) of the control value. (A) Action potential (B) I_NaCa current profile. (C) Ca²⁺ concentration. (D) Active force. Values are normalized to maximum active force in control. (Inset: magnified diastolic phase).