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. 2014 Feb;3(1):2–14. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.10.13

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Regulatory pathways involve both costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways which fine tune the antigen specific T-cell response after stimulation of the T-cell receptor (TCR). Coinhibitory factors or immune checkpoint proteins include CTLA-4, PD1 and PD-L1/PD-L2. Reprinted with permission from Nature Reviews.