Table 3.
Mean (+/− sd) outcomes for all participants (n = 15) over the three consecutive practice blocks and outcomes of statistical analyses (levels of significance: P-Anova: <0.05; Bonferonni tests: <0.017)
| T1 Mean Sd | T2 Mean Sd | T3 Mean Sd | p-Anova | p-T1T2 | p-T1T3 | pT2T3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanical Efficiency | 5.5 | 1.1 | 5.9 | 1.1 | 6.0 | 1.3 | 0.047 | 0.039 | 0.014 | 0.266 | |
| Propulsion Technique | Push time (s) | 0.31 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.202 |
| Cycle time (s) | 0.97 | 0.24 | 1.15 | 0.26 | 1.15 | 0.24 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.471 | |
| Frequency (push/min) | 66.6 | 17.5 | 55.5 | 12.8 | 55.0 | 11.9 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.371 | |
| Work/push (J) | 8.7 | 2.1 | 10.3 | 3.0 | 10.3 | 3.0 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.019 | 0.599 | |
| PnegS (W) | −6.1 | 3.3 | −4.8 | 2.3 | −4.3 | 2.1 | 0.003 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.027 | |
| PnegE (W) | −3.7 | 2.8 | −2.6 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.012 | 0.048 | 0.011 | 0.014 | |
| Contact angle (°) | 63.5 | 12.1 | 69.6 | 10.9 | 70.4 | 10.8 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.216 | |
| Ftotmean (N) | 41.5 | 10.3 | 41.8 | 14.2 | 40.4 | 13.1 | 0.672 | 0.877 | 0.562 | 0.167 | |
| Ftotpeak (N) | 68.0 | 17.2 | 69.6 | 24.1 | 66.5 | 22.2 | 0.553 | 0.632 | 0.650 | 0.082 | |
| FeFmean (%) | 69.4 | 10.4 | 74.8 | 11.6 | 75.3 | 9.9 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.342 | |
| GH start position (mm) | −41 | 33 | −53 | 35 | −47 | 47 | 0.247 | 0.081 | 0.454 | 0.388 | |
| GH displacement (mm) | 27 | 13 | 37 | 31 | 39 | 21 | 0.245 | 0.297 | 0.116 | 0.770 | |
| Net Moments | GH mean Net Moment per Push (Nm) | 12.4 | 3.4 | 16.1 | 5.9 | 15.3 | 3.4 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.700 |
| GH mean Net Moment per Push (Nm) | 26.3 | 8.1 | 31.0 | 12.7 | 28.5 | 7.0 | 0.270 | 0.080 | 0.120 | 0.770 | |
| HU mean Net Moment per Push (Nm) | 1.6 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 0.423 | 0.284 | 0.309 | 0.779 | |
| HU peak Net Moment per Push (Nm) | 7.9 | 4.2 | 6.6 | 3.2 | 7.0 | 3.5 | 0.452 | 0.268 | 0.443 | 0.636 | |
| Model Results | Muscle Power total mean per push (W) | 25.1 | 11.0 | 35.0 | 14.7 | 37.5 | 15.4 | 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.018 | 0.561 |
| Muscle Power total peak per push (W) | 110.7 | 49.0 | 120.5 | 52.8 | 134.5 | 108.6 | 0.566 | 0.543 | 0.222 | 0.645 | |
| Muscle Work total mean per push (J) | 11.3 | 4.0 | 15.1 | 6.7 | 16.1 | 7.8 | 0.040 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.333 | |
| GH Reaction force mean per push (N) | 315 | 107 | 419 | 171 | 439 | 165 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.337 | |
| GH Reaction force peak per push (N) | 690 | 320 | 790 | 390 | 901 | 560 | 0.265 | 0.119 | 0.031 | 0.268 | |
| GH Reaction force peak per cycle (N) | 239 | 41 | 266 | 58 | 277 | 68 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.187 | |
Significant results are presented in bold font style.