Table 5.
Men | Women | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 a | Model 3 a | Model 4 a | Model 5 a | Model 1 | Model 2 a | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 a | |||||||||||
OR | sig. | OR | sig. | OR | sig. | OR | sig. | OR | sig. | OR | sig. | OR | sig. | OR | sig. | OR | sig. | OR | sig. | |
Intercept | 0.304 | *** | 0.313 | *** | 0.349 | *** | 0.251 | *** | 0.256 | *** | 0.380 | *** | 0.389 | *** | 0.390 | *** | 0.374 | *** | 0.369 | *** |
(1) Individual variables | ||||||||||||||||||||
Ageb | 1.009 | *** | 1.009 | *** | 1.009 | *** | 1.008 | *** | 1.001 | 1.007 | *** | 1.007 | *** | 1.007 | *** | 1.005 | *** | 1.010 | *** | |
Employment status (ref. unemployed) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Employed | 0.827 | *** | 0.806 | *** | 0.802 | *** | 0.975 | 0.976 | 0.786 | *** | 0.784 | *** | 0.790 | *** | 0.873 | *** | 0.865 | *** | ||
Non-employed | 1.050 | 1.026 | 1.016 | 1.143 | * | 1.142 | * | 0.888 | ** | 0.889 | *** | 0.893 | ** | 0.938 | 0.933 | |||||
Mental healthb | 0.582 | *** | 0.582 | *** | 0.611 | *** | 0.611 | *** | ||||||||||||
Employed × ageb | 1.008 | * | 0.995 | |||||||||||||||||
(2) Period variables | ||||||||||||||||||||
Change in real GDP growth ratec | 0.994 | 0.994 | 0.997 | 1.004 | 1.006 | 0.986 | * | 0.985 | ** | 1.002 | 1.001 | 1.005 | ||||||||
Change in unemploymentc | 1.031 | * | 1.031 | * | 1.024 | * | 1.021 | * | 1.021 | * | 1.031 | 1.027 | 1.010 | 1.010 | 1.014 | |||||
Period (ref. 2005/2006) | ||||||||||||||||||||
2002 | 0.708 | * | 0.668 | *** | 0.671 | *** | 0.728 | *** | 0.466 | *** | 0.474 | *** | ||||||||
2010 | 1.022 | 1.058 | 1.078 | 1.118 | * | 1.082 | 1.122 | |||||||||||||
(3) Context variables | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mean real GDP growth rateb | 0.978 | 0.981 | 0.983 | 0.991 | 0.990 | 0.990 | 0.977 | 0.987 | 0.993 | 0.992 | ||||||||||
Mean unemployment rateb | 1.007 | 0.979 | 0.970 | 0.973 | 0.964 | 0.983 | 0.987 | 0.982 | 0.980 | 0.980 | ||||||||||
Employed × mean unemployment rate | 1.031 | * | 1.032 | * | 1.029 | * | 1.028 | * | 1.023 | - | - | - | ||||||||
Variance | ||||||||||||||||||||
(3) Country | 0.072 | 0.087 | 0.154 | 0.175 | 0.197 | 0.066 | 0.063 | 0.121 | 0.176 | 0.167 | ||||||||||
(2) Period | 0.224 | 0.212 | 0.085 | 0.089 | 0.082 | 0.196 | 0.203 | 0.075 | 0.079 | 0.081 | ||||||||||
VPCd | 0.141 | 0.142 | 0.117 | 0.127 | 0.134 | 0.126 | 0.128 | 0.098 | 0.123 | 0.121 | ||||||||||
DiC | 11424972 | 11424728 | 11420274 | 10605999 | 10605990 | 18183328 | 18176035 | 18179319 | 16974150 | 16973980 |
*p < .050 **p < .010 ***p < .001; N individual women = 28014 & men = 22978; N period (xcountry) = 69; N country = 27.
Odds ratio’s (OR) are y-standardized; Models controlled for education, marital status and degree of urbanization.
aControlled for the interaction effects with the non-employed (model 2–5 men; model 2 women: non-employed × mean unemployment rate; model 5 men & women: non-employed × age).
bVariable is grand-mean centered (abstraction of mean of all respondents).
cVariable is group-mean centered (abstraction of mean of the group).
dVariance at both higher levels: 3 and 2 (country + period) = (σ2 country + σ2 period)/(σ2 country + σ2 period + 3,29).
Source: Eurobarometer 58.2 (2002), 64.4 (2005/2006), and 73.2 (2010).