Table 5.

General practitioner consultations regressed on employment status, age, mental health, and economic context and change variables

	Men										Women
	Model 1		Model 2 a		Model 3 a		Model 4 a		Model 5 a		Model 1		Model 2 a		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5 a
	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.	OR	sig.
Intercept	0.304	***	0.313	***	0.349	***	0.251	***	0.256	***	0.380	***	0.389	***	0.390	***	0.374	***	0.369	***
(1) Individual variables
Ageb	1.009	***	1.009	***	1.009	***	1.008	***	1.001		1.007	***	1.007	***	1.007	***	1.005	***	1.010	***
Employment status (ref. unemployed)
Employed	0.827	***	0.806	***	0.802	***	0.975		0.976		0.786	***	0.784	***	0.790	***	0.873	***	0.865	***
Non-employed	1.050		1.026		1.016		1.143	*	1.142	*	0.888	**	0.889	***	0.893	**	0.938		0.933
Mental healthb							0.582	***	0.582	***							0.611	***	0.611	***
Employed × ageb									1.008	*									0.995
(2) Period variables
Change in real GDP growth ratec	0.994		0.994		0.997		1.004		1.006		0.986	*	0.985	**	1.002		1.001		1.005
Change in unemploymentc	1.031	*	1.031	*	1.024	*	1.021	*	1.021	*	1.031		1.027		1.010		1.010		1.014
Period (ref. 2005/2006)
2002					0.708	*	0.668	***	0.671	***					0.728	***	0.466	***	0.474	***
2010					1.022		1.058		1.078						1.118	*	1.082		1.122
(3) Context variables
Mean real GDP growth rateb	0.978		0.981		0.983		0.991		0.990		0.990		0.977		0.987		0.993		0.992
Mean unemployment rateb	1.007		0.979		0.970		0.973		0.964		0.983		0.987		0.982		0.980		0.980
Employed × mean unemployment rate			1.031	*	1.032	*	1.029	*	1.028	*			1.023		-		-		-
Variance
(3) Country	0.072		0.087		0.154		0.175		0.197		0.066		0.063		0.121		0.176		0.167
(2) Period	0.224		0.212		0.085		0.089		0.082		0.196		0.203		0.075		0.079		0.081
VPCd	0.141		0.142		0.117		0.127		0.134		0.126		0.128		0.098		0.123		0.121
DiC	11424972		11424728		11420274		10605999		10605990		18183328		18176035		18179319		16974150		16973980

*p < .050 **p < .010 ***p < .001; N individual women = 28014 & men = 22978; N period (xcountry) = 69; N country = 27.

Odds ratio’s (OR) are y-standardized; Models controlled for education, marital status and degree of urbanization.

^aControlled for the interaction effects with the non-employed (model 2–5 men; model 2 women: non-employed × mean unemployment rate; model 5 men & women: non-employed × age).

^bVariable is grand-mean centered (abstraction of mean of all respondents).

^cVariable is group-mean centered (abstraction of mean of the group).

^dVariance at both higher levels: 3 and 2 (country + period) = (σ² _country + σ² _period)/(σ² _country + σ² _period + 3,29).

Source: Eurobarometer 58.2 (2002), 64.4 (2005/2006), and 73.2 (2010).