Table 2.
Summary of selected studies on comorbid diseases associations with CRS status
| Study [Ref] | Design | Criteria for CRS Diagnosis | Criteria for Comorbidity Diagnosis | Relevant Results aOR (95%CI) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Airway disease: Allergic Rhinitis | |||||
| Jarvis et al. 2012 [5] | Cross-sectional Prospective | Patient-reported symptoms | Patient-reported symptoms | CRS vs non-CRS: 5.7 (5.3–6.2) | European general population based on survey responses (n=53,185) |
| Tan et al. 2013 [6**] | Case-control Retrospective | ICD-9 | ICD-9 | CRSsNP vs control: 2.4 (1.6–1.9)* CRSwNP vs control: 2.8(2.3–3.5)* |
Based on a US primary care population (n=446,480) |
| Kim et al. 2011 [46] | Cross-sectional Prospective | Symptoms and physical examination performed by clinicians | Patient-reported symptoms | CRS vs non-CRS: AR: 1.4 (0.9–2.2) Intermittent/moderate-severe AR: 1.6 (0.9–3.0) Persistent/mild AR: 2.6 (1.3–5.0)* Persistent/moderate-severe AR: 8.2 (4.7–14.4)* |
Korean general population (n=4,098) |
| Airway disease: Asthma | |||||
| Jarvis et al. 2012 [5] | Cross-sectional Prospective | Patient-reported symptoms | Patient-reported symptoms | CRS vs non-CRS Asthma: 2.7 (2.3–3.2) Asthma & AR: 11.9 (10.6–13.2) |
European general population based on survey responses (n=53,185) |
| Tan et al. 2013 [6**] | Case-control Retrospective | ICD-9 | ICD-9 | CRSsNP vs control: 1.7 (1.6–1.9)* CRSwNP vs control: 2.8 (2.3–3.5)* |
Based on a US primary care population (n=446,480) |
| Kim et al. 2011 [46] | Cross-sectional Prospective | Symptoms and physical examination performed by clinicans | Patient-reported symptoms clinicans | CRS vs non-CRS: 1.9(0.8–4.6) | Korean general population (n=4,098) |
| Chung et al. 2014 [47*] | Cross-sectional Prospective | ICD-9 Diagnosed by certified otolaryngologist | Elixhauser Comorbidity Index | CRS vs non-CRS: 3.1(2.8–3.4)* |
Taiwan’s Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 (LHID2000) (n=5,734) |
| GERD and other Gastrointestinal diseases | |||||
| Tan et al. 2013 [6**] | Case-control Retrospective | ICD-9 | ICD-9 | GERD CRSsNP vs control: 1.7 (1.6–1.8) * CRSwNP vs control: 1.5 (1.2–1.8) * |
Based on a US primary care population (n=446,480) |
| Chung et al. 2014 [47*] | Cross-sectional Prospective | ICD-9 Diagnosed by certified otolaryngologist | Elixhauser Comorbidity Index | CRS vs non-CRS: Peptic ulcer: 1.9 (1.7–2.0)* Liver disease: 1.4 (1.3–1.6)* |
Taiwan’s Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 (LHID2000) (n=5,734) |
| Wong et al. 2004 [48] | Cross-sectional Prospective | Symptoms and evaluation by rhinologist | 24-hour pH measurement via probe in nasopharynx and hypopharynx | Of included CRS patients, 32.4% were diagnosed with GERD. Only 0.2% had reflux episodes recorded in the nasopharynx. |
Australian tertiary care population consisting of patients with CRS (n=40) |
| Inflammatory and autoimmune disease | |||||
| Tan et al. 2013 [6**] | Case-control Retrospective | ICD-9 | ICD-9 | Rheumatoid arthritis CRSsNP vs control: 1.5 (1.1–2.0) CRSwNP vs control: 1.0 (0.5–2.2) Systemic lupus erythematosus CRSsNP vs control: 2.2 (1.1–4.3) CRSwNP vs control: 3.6 (1.0–12.8) |
Based on a US primary care population (n=446,480) |
| Chung et al. 2014 [47*] | Cross-sectional prospective | ICD-9 Diagnosed by certified otolaryngologist | Elixhauser Comorbidity Index | CRS vs non-CRS: Rheumatoid arthritis 1.9 (1.6–2.1)* Systemic lupus erythematosus 1.5 (0.9–2.7) Ankylosing spondylitis 1.4 (1.1–1.8)* |
Taiwan’s Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 (LHID2000) (n=5,734) |
| Psychiatric and neurologic disease | |||||
| Tan et al. 2013 [6**] | Case-control Retrospective | ICD-9 | ICD-9 | Anxiety CRSsNP vs control: 1.7 (1.5–2.0)* CRSwNP vs control: 1.7 (1.2–2.4) Depression CRSsNP vs control: 1.3 (1.1–1.5) CRSwNP vs control: 1.1 (0.8–1.6) Headache CRSsNP vs control: 1.8 (1.7–2.0)* CRSwNP vs control: 2.1 (1.7–2.6) | Based on a US primary care population (n=446,480) |
| Chung et al. 2014 [47*] | Cross-sectional Prospective | ICD-9 Diagnosed by certified otolaryngologist | Elixhauser Comorbidity Index | CRS vs non-CRS: Depression 2.0 (1.7–2.2)* Psychosis 1.4 (1.2–1.7)* Headaches 1.7 (1.6–1.8)* Migraines 2.3 (2.0–2.6)* Parkinson’s disease 1.7 (1.3–2.3)* | Taiwan’s Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 (LHID2000) (n=5,734) |
CRS, chronic rhinosinusitis; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; CRSsNP, chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyp; CRSwNP, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp; AR, allergic rhinitis
*
statistically significant