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. 2015 Apr;62(4):871–878. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.11.020

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© 2014 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Fig. 2 — NorUDCA and UDCA suppress inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory response. (A) Representative immunohistochemistry for F4/80⁺ (original magnification 40×) and CD11b⁺ (original magnification 100×) cells within liver specimens of all subjects is shown. NorUDCA treatment leads to a pronounced disaggregation of inflammatory cell infiltrate. (B) Quantification of F4/80⁺ macrophages (ImageJ analysis) revealed a significant reduction of macrophages within S. mansoni granulomas after norUDCA treatment while CD11b⁺ cell count did not show bile acid specific differences. (C) Serum levels of TH1 cytokines IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha were measured by ELISA. Both cytokines were significantly elevated after S. mansoni infection. Four-week feeding with UDCA and norUDCA treatment counteracted this elevation for IL-1 beta but not for TNF-alpha. Protein values were calculated by standard curve concentrations of recombinant IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Concentrations were expressed as means ± SD of duplicates. ^∗p <0.05 (vs. naive), ^#p <0.05 (vs. control).