Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetic elderly patients.
| All subjects | depressive syndrome | depressive syndrome and MCI | MCI | Controls | Difference (p<0.001) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 276 | 57 | 25 | 62 | 132 | |
| Male/female | 127/149 | 11/46 | 4/21 | 30/32 | 50/82 | b, c, d, e |
| Age (years) | 73.6±4.8 | 72.9±4.0 | 78.0 ± 5.3 | 74.7±3.9 | 72.5±4.9 | a, d, e, f |
| Education-years | 11.3 ±2.4 | 12.1±2.3 | 9.5 ± 1.7 | 9.8±1.9 | 12.1±2.2 | a, b, e, f |
| Marital status: single/married | 127/149 | 37/20 | 21/4 | 24/38 | 45/87 | b, c, d, e |
| Current smoking | 19 (6.88%) | 9 (15.7%) | 4 (16%) | 2 (3.2%) | 4 (3.0%) | b, c |
| Had ever smoked | 93 (33.7%) | 33 (57.8%) | 14 (56%) | 12 (19.4%) | 34 (25.7%) | b, c, d, e |
| Lack of physical activity (%) | 105 (38.0%) | 43 (75.43%) | 14 (56%) | 12 (19.4%) | 36 (27.3%) | b, c, d, e |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.9±3.67 | 32.1±3.7 | 31.8 ± 3.2 | 29.8±3.5 | 28.6±3.1 | b, c, e |
| Duration of DM2 (years) | 8.69 ± 6.23 | 9.96±6.8 | 12.8 ± 6.23 | 10.63±6.2 | 6.45±5.07 | c, e, f |
| Treatment Insulin | 130(47.1%) | 41 (71.9%) | 19 (76%) | 23 (37%) | 47 (35.6%) | b, c, d, e |
| OAD | 222(80.4%) | 46 ((80.7%) | 20 (80%) | 61 (98%) | 126 (95.4%) | b, c, d, e |
| Previous CVD | 109(39.5%) | 10 (17.54%) | 23 (92%) | 48 (77.4%) | 28 (21.2%) | a, b, e, f |
| Stroke | 14 (5.07%) | 2 ((3.5%) | 5 (20%) | 2 (3.2%) | 5 (3.78%) | a, d, e |
| Previous HA/ use of HA drugs | 213(77.17%) | 39 (68.42%) | 21 (84%) | 60 (96.7%) | 93 (70.4%) | b, f |
| Hiperlipidemia | 218 (78.9%) | 52 (91.22%) | 24 (96%) | 56 (90.3%) | 86 (65.15%) | c, e, f |
| Retinopathy | 121(43.8%) | 17 (29.8%) | 18 (72%) | 43 (69.4%) | 43 (32.6%) | a, e |
| Nephropathy | 97 (35.1%) | 16 (28.07%) | 11 (44%) | 32 (51.6%) | 38 (28.8%) | b, f |
| Neuropathy | 56 (20.2%) | 23 (40.35%) | 10 (40%) | 10 (16.1%) | 13 (9.8%) | b, c, e |
| Co-morbidity (n) | 4.66 ± 3.11 | 5.3±2.5 | 9 ± 2.82 | 6.3±3.06 | 2.8±1.8 | a, c, d, e, f |
| Hypoglycemia | 117 (42.3%) | 38 (66.6%) | 22 (88%) | 38 (61.3%) | 19 (14.4%) | c, e, f |
| MoCA score | 25.6±3.07 | 27.86±1.6 | 21.8±1.7 | 21.5±1.5 | 27.3±1.2 | a, b, e, f |
| GDS-30 score | 6.8±6.5 | 15.9±2.8 | 16±2.7 | 3.6±2.7 | 2.7±2.6 | b, c, d, e |
| Katz BADL score | 4.96±0.2 | 4.965±0.1 | 4.96±0.2 | 5±0.2 | 4.96±0.2 | |
| Lawton IADL score | 7.9±0.1 | 7.8±0.1 | 7.96±0.02 | 8±0.1 | 7.9±0.08 | |
| Other diseases: Lung disease (%) | 37 (13.4%) | 8 (14.04%) | 4 (16%) | 11 (17.7%) | 14 (10.6%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 57 (20.6%) | 14 (24.6%) | 7 (28%) | 14 (22.6%) | 22 (16.6%) | |
| Heart failure (%) | 58 (21%) | 13 (22.8%) | 7 (28%) | 16 (25.8%) | 22 (16.7%) | |
| Gastrointerstinal tract disease (%) | 110 (39.8%) | 27 (47.3%) | 13 (52%) | 29 (46.7%) | 41 (31.1%) | |
| Kidney disease (%) | 60 (21.7%) | 14 (24.5%) | 7 (28%) | 15 (24.2%) | 60 (21.7%) | |
| Thyroid diasease (%) | 74 (26.8%) | 18 (31.6%) | 18 (31.6%) | 17 (27.4%) | 30 (22.7%) | |
| Other treatment: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (%) | 130 (47.1%) | 27 (47.4%) | 12 (48%) | 35 (56.4%) | 56 (42.4%) | |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers (%) | 100 (36.2%) | 17 (29.8%) | 9 (36%) | 25 (40.3%) | 49 (37.1%) | |
| Diuretics (%) | 87 (31.5%) | 21 (36.8%) | 11 (44%) | 23 (37.1%) | 32 (24.2%) | |
| Calcium channel blockers (%) | 87 (31.5%) | 19 (33.3%) | 9 (36%) | 20 (32.3%) | 39 (29.5%) | |
| a1-Blockers (%) | 29 (10.5%) | 7 (12.2%) | 4 (16%) | 7 (11.2%) | 11 (8.3%) | |
| B-blockers (%) | 132 (47.8%) | 21 (36.8%) | 20 (80%) | 43 (69.4%) | 48 (36.3%) | a, b, e, f, |
| Antiplatelet medications (%) | 175 (63.6%) | 34 (59.6%) | 24 (96%) | 48 (77.4%) | 69 (52.2%) | a, e, f |
| Lipid-lowering medications (%) | 191 (69.2%) | 40 (70.1%) | 20 (80%) | 42 (67.7%) | 89 (67.4%) |
a- comparing: depressive syndrome—MCI and depressive syndrome
b- comparing: depressive syndrome—MCI
c- comparing: depressive syndrome—controls
d- comparing: MCI and depressive syndrome—MCI
e- comparing: MCI and depressive syndrome-controls
f- comparing: MCI—controls
DM2—diabetes type 2, OAD- oral anti-diabetic drug, CVD—cardiovascular disease, HA- hypertension, BMI—body mass index, MoCA—Montreal Cognitive Assessment, GDS—Geriatric Depression Scale, BADL—Basic Activities of Daily living, IADL—Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
The ANOVA test followed by post-hoc test was used to test for significant differences