Table 4. Multivariate analyses for hearing thresholds according to the presence of metabolic syndrome or chronic kidney disease.

	MetS (-)	MetS (+)	P-value*	CKD (-)	CKD (+)	P-value*
Male
Low-Freq	14.6 ± 0.2	14.9 ± 0.3	0.416	14.6 ± 0.2	19.0 ± 0.8	<0.001
Mid-Freq	21.9 ± 0.3	22.2 ± 0.4	0.547	21.9 ± 0.2	27.5 ± 1.0	<0.001
High-Freq	37.1 ± 0.3	37.1 ± 0.5	0.959	37.1 ± 0.3	41.3 ± 1.2	<0.001
Female
Low-Freq	14.3 ± 0.2	15.1 ± 0.3	0.030	14.5 ± 0.1	16.2 ± 0.2	0.032
Mid-Freq	15.9 ± 0.2	16.9 ± 0.3	0.011	16.2 ± 0.2	18.6 ± 0.8	0.004
High-Freq	25.2 ± 0.2	26.8 ± 0.4	0.001	25.7 ± 0.2	28.0 ± 0.9	0.015

Data are expressed as mean ± standard error.

*Statistical significances between the presence and absence of MetS or CKD were calculated.

Covariates for MetS were age, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, exposure to explosive noise, and exposure to occupational noise. Covariates for CKD were age, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, exposure to explosive noise, and exposure to occupational noise.

Abbreviations: MetS, metabolic syndrome; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Low-Freq, low frequency; Mid-Freq, mid-frequency; High-Freq, high-frequency.