(A-D) RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with 10 μM EX527 for 6h and then cultured in 30 mM D-glucose-containing medium for additional 8h. Cells were then harvested and used for western blot analysis for SIRT1 protein level (A, df = 5, f = 6.194, p = 0.023), and real-time PCR analysis for SIRT1 (B, df = 5, f = 7.118, p = 0.003), IL-1β (C, df = 5, f = 71.26, p < 0.001) or TNF-α mRNA level (D, df = 5, f = 50.638, p < 0.001). Each data point is the mean ± SEM of n = 3 and normalized against corresponding β-ACTIN protein level or GAPDH mRNA level with the value in NG without EX527 group arbitrarily set as 1. (E-F) The culture medium was also collected and used for ELISA for detecting the release of IL-1β (E, df = 5, f = 6057.757, p < 0.001) and TNF-α (F, df = 5, f = 47.79, p < 0.001). Each data point is the mean ± SEM of n = 3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. 30 mM of D-mannitol served as an osmotic control. ‘NG’, 5.6 mM normal glucose; ‘HG’, 30 mM high glucose; ‘DM’, 30 mM D-mannitol.