Table 1.
Overview of hypertrophic scar models and scar-forming parameters that can be assessed. For more extensive information, limitations and references, see Table S1
| Dermal thickness | ECM synthesis | Contraction | No. of vessels | No. of cells | Epith. | Epidermal thickness | Rete ridges | Hair follicles | GF&C | Apoptosis | Fib. proliferation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vivo human HT scar formation | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ± |
| In vivo animal models | ||||||||||||
| Grafting split-thickness human skin onto animal | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | − |
| Grafting HT scar to animal | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ± | − | − |
| Induction of HT scar: full-thickness wounds | + | + | ± | + | + | − | + | + | + | ± | + | ± |
| Induction of HT scar mechanical stress to full-thickness wound | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | − | − |
| In vitro models | ||||||||||||
| Human healthy cells | ||||||||||||
| Monolayer of Fib (+/−scratch) | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − |
| DE: FPL (+/−mechanical stress) | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − |
| SE: reconstructed epidermis of KC on a dermal matrix containing ASC | − | + | + | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | + | − |
| Human HT scar cells | ||||||||||||
| Monolayer of Fib | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − |
| DE: FPL | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + |
| SE: reconstructed epidermis of KC on a self-assembled matrix of Fib | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − |
| Ex vivo | ||||||||||||
| HT scar biopsies (+/−mechanical stress) | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + |
ASC, adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal cells; DE, dermal equivalent; Epith, Epithelization; Fib, fibroblast; FPL, fibroblast populated lattice; GF & C, growth factors & cytokines; HT scar, hypertrophic scar; KC, keratinocytes; SE, skin equivalent; +, marker can be assessed in model; –, marker is not yet studied or cannot be assessed in model; ±, contradictory results.