Fig. 1.

Clinical outcomes. (A) Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score and recovery rate. Clinical parameters according to the JOA score upon the initial and last evaluation showed lower values in the trauma group than in the nontrauma group, with statistical significance. A more favorable recovery rate was also observed in the nontrauma group. (B) Changes of the Nurick scale. The initial Nurick scale was significantly different (p = 0.002), as was the last scale (p = 0.039) between the trauma and nontrauma groups.