Table 4.

Effects of CO on intestinal epithelial cell lines

Cell type	Inflammatory trigger	CO source	Effect of inflammatory markers/overall outcome	Reference
Human colonic epithelial cell line, DLD-1	CM	250–400 p.p.m. CO	↓ iNOS mRNA expression	1
Rat small intestinal epithelial cell line, IEC-6	CM	250 p.p.m. CO	↓ iNOS protein expression	2
			↓ Nitrite production
	TNF-α plus actinomycin D	250 p.p.m. CO	↓ Cell death (apoptosis)
	LPS/hypoxia	250 p.p.m. CO	↓ Cell death
			↓ iNOS protein expression
			↓ Transcriptional activation of iNOS promoter
Human colonic epithelial cell line, HT-29	TNF-α	CORM-2 (5–20 μM)	↓ IL-8 mRNA expression	3
			↓ ICAM-1 and COX-2 protein expression
Human colonic epithelial cell line, Caco-2	CM	CORM-2 (50–150 μM)	↓ Nitrite production	4
			↓ iNOS mRNA expression
			↓ IL-8 protein expression
			↓ Transcriptional activation of NF-κB
			↓ IκBα phosphorylation
			↓ MAPK (p38, ERK 1/2 and JNK 1/2) phosphorylation
Young adult mouse colonic epithelial cell line, YAMC	No trigger*	CORM-2 (1–10 μM)	↑ Wound repair of cell monolayer	5
Young adult mouse colonic epithelial cell line, YAMC	TNF-α	CORM-2 (10 μM)	↓ KC mRNA expression	6
			↓ KC production
			↓ NF-κB activity
Mouse duodenal epithelial cell line, MODE-K	TNF-α plus cycloheximide	CORM-A1 (100 μM)	↓ Cell death (apoptosis)	7
			↑ GSH levels
			↓ ROS production
			↓ Caspase-3/7 activity

1: Dijkstra et al. (2004); 2: Zuckerbraun et al. (2005b); 3: Lee et al. (2007); 4: Megias et al. (2007); 5: Uchiyama et al. (2010); 6: Takagi et al. (2011); 7: Babu et al. (2012). CM, cytokine mixture.

^*No inflammatory trigger is used; central manual scraping of monolayer creating a wound.