Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics by tertiles of baseline galectin-3 levels
| Low Gal-3 Tertile (N=69) |
Mid Gal-3 Tertile (N=70) |
High Gal-3 Tertile (N=69) |
P-value | P-value† | P-value‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gal-3 range, ng/ml | < 12.17 | 12.17 – 15.90 | > 15.90 | - | - | - |
| Gal-3, ng/mL | 10.0 (8.2 – 11.1) | 13.8 (13.1 – 15.1) | 21.0 (18.1 – 24.7) | - | - | - |
| Age, y | 67 (59 – 75) | 67 (62 – 77) | 71 (65 – 79) | 0.049 | - | 0.44 |
| Male | 39 (57) | 32 (46) | 37 (54) | 0.42 | - | 0.21 |
| Body Mass Index, Kg/m2 | 32.9 (28.7 – 37.5) | 33.2 (29.2 – 39.4) | 32.8 (28.1 – 39.6) | 0.61 | 0.48 | 0.32 |
| Body Surface Area, m2 | 2.17 (1.99 – 2.38) | 2.15 (1.89 – 2.36) | 2.07 (1.92 – 2.20) | 0.025 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Hypertension | 55 (80) | 59 (84) | 63 (91) | 0.16 | 0.59 | 0.60 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 24 (35) | 28 (40) | 28 (41) | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.89 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 32 (46) | 33 (47) | 38 (55) | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.44 |
| COPD | 12 (17) | 17 (24) | 13 (19) | 0.57 | 0.40 | 0.45 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 22 (32) | 29 (41) | 39 (57) | 0.013 | 0.24 | 0.58 |
| HF hospitalization | 21 (30) | 24 (34) | 31 (45) | 0.19 | 0.89 | 0.94 |
| Medications | ||||||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 47 (68) | 49 (70) | 52 (75) | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0.47 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 7 (10) | 3 (4) | 12 (17) | 0.042 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
| Beta blocker | 49 (71) | 55 (79) | 55 (80) | 0.42 | 0.74 | 0.81 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 19 (28) | 22 (31) | 21 (30) | 0.87 | 0.72 | 0.76 |
| Loop diuretic | 45 (65) | 55 (79) | 58 (84) | 0.028 | 0.59 | 0.61 |
| Any diuretic | 53 (77) | 61 (87) | 64 (93) | 0.026 | 0.73 | 0.74 |
| Laboratories | ||||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL * | 0.9 (0.8 – 1.2) | 1.2 (0.8 – 1.3) | 1.3 (1.0 – 1.7) | <0.0001 | 0.90 | 0.48 |
| Cystatin-C, mg/L | 1.09 (0.91 – 1.30) | 1.24 (1.04 – 1.66) | 1.70 (1.33 – 2.04) | <0.0001 | - | - |
| GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 * | 74 (60 – 92) | 63 (50 – 77) | 51 (35 – 68) | <0.0001 | 0.86 | 0.61 |
| Hemoglobin, mg/dl (n=198) | 13.4 (12.0 – 14.3) | 13.2 (12.2 – 14.1) | 12.4 (11.4 – 13.3) | 0.001 | 0.13 | 0.17 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL* | 6.6 (5.7 – 8.1) | 7.2 (5.9 – 8.3) | 8.0 (6.4 – 9.6) | 0.004 | 0.82 | 0.87 |
| NT pro BNP, pg/mL* | 524 (132 – 946) | 727 (232 – 1296) | 1187 (397 – 2205) | 0.003 | 1.00 | 0.88 |
| Endothelin-1, pg/ml* | 2.1 (1.8 – 2.7) | 2.4 (2.1 – 3.2) | 2.4 (2.1 – 3.5) | 0.004 | 0.051 | 0.073 |
| Aldosterone , pg/mL | 182 (113 – 272) | 183 (130 – 270) | 201 (116 – 312) | 0.83 | 0.97 | 0.96 |
| Pro-collagen III NTP, ug/L | 7.6 (5.3 – 9.1) | 7.0 (5.6 – 8.8) | 8.3 (6.7 – 11.5) | 0.023 | 0.57 | 0.55 |
| CITP I, ug/L | 5.2 (4.2 – 6.7) | 5.8 (4.3 – 9.0) | 8.0 (6.0 – 11.9) | <0.000 1 | 0.68 | 0.83 |
| hs CRP, mg/L | 3.1 (1.9 – 7.3) | 4.2 (1.9 – 8.5) | 3.8 (1.7 – 8.5) | 0.64 | 0.88 | 0.82 |
| hs Troponin I, pg/ml | 7.3 (4.4, 15.3) | 9.5 (5.5, 17.3) | 10.2 (6.7, 20.9) | 0.091 | 0.94 | 0.95 |
Data are median (IQR) or n (%);
†
Adjusted for Age, Sex, cystatin-C;
*
n=207;
‡
Adjusted for cystatin-C alone
Abbreviations: ACE, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme; ARB, Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; CITP, C-telopeptide for Type I Collagen; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; GFR, Glomerular Filtration Rate; HF, Heart Failure; hsCRP, High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein; NT Pro-BNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide