Table 1.
Metabolic effects of commonly used hypnotic drugs.
| Hypnotics | Metabolic effects |
|---|---|
| GABAA receptor agonists | Olanzapine (2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno [2, 3-b][1, 5]benzodiazepine) |
| Benzodiazepine | Overweight, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, ketoacidosis, and visceral fat accumulation (119, 120) |
| Non-benzodiazepine barbiturate | Increased plasma TG, HDL-cholesterol levels, higher cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios, hyperinsulinaemia (118) |
| Zolpidem (N,N-dimethyl-2-(6-methyl-2-p-tolylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)acetamide) | |
| Increased body weight, decreased locomotor activity, and food intake (121) | |
| H1 receptor antagonists | Prescription H1 antihistamines |
| Increased body weight, BMI, waist circumference and serum insulin levels (122), exacerbated high-fat diet-induced hepetic steatosis (123) | |
| Antihistamines | Olanzapine |
| Increased body weight, food intake, fat mass, and fat cell number (124) | |
| Melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists | Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) |
| Reduced fat mass, body weight, and improve insulin sensitivity (125, 126) | |
| Improved BMI, blood pressure, and lipid profile (127) | |
| Resistance to diet-induced obesity with time dependent (116) | |
| Rozerem (S-N-[2-(1,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-indeno-[5,4-b] furan-8yl) ethyl]propionamide) | |
| Improved age-associated hypertension and weight gain (128) | |
| Piromelatine (Neu-P11; N-(2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-carboxamide) | |
| Reduced body weight gain, improved insulin sensitivity under DIO (114) | |
| Improved insulin sensitivity under chronic sleep restriction (115) | |
| Serotonin (5HT) receptor antagonists | m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) (1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine hydrochloride) |
| Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (129) | |
| Lorcaserin (1R-8-chloro-1-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine) | |
| Reduced of body weight, improve blood lipid profile, improved blood pressure (130) | |
| Orexin receptor antagonists | SB-334867 (1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-[1,5]napthydrin-4-yl urea hydrochloride) |
| Reduced food intake, fat mass, body weight, and increased energy expenditure (131) | |
| ACT 335827 (αR,1S-1-[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-N-(1-methylethyl)-α-phenyl-2(1H)-isoquinolineacetamide) | |
| Increase water intake and HDL in DIO mice (132) | |
| SB-408124 (1-(6,8-difluoro-2-methyl-quinolin-4-γl)-3-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-urea) | |
| Reduced body weight (133) |