. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2015 Mar 1;89:1–48. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2015.01.002

Table 7.

Required materials performance for selected applications.

Applications	Salient material properties
Actuators and high-precision positioning systems	High strain with high force
Sensors	High longitudinal piezoelectric activity
Single-element transducers	Low permittivity, large thickness coupling coefficient k_t
Broadband transducers	High loss
Array transducers	Large longitudinal coupling coefficient k₃₃ and large permittivity
Accelerometers, medical diagnostic, ferroelectric memory elements	High piezoelectric activity, high electromechanical coupling
Piezoelectric step-down transformers	Large electromechanical coupling, low loss, large dielectric constant
Piezoelectric servo-motor	Large lateral piezoelectric constant, low loss, large Young’s modulus
High power applications	High coercive field, low loss
High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)	High permittivity, high electromechanical coupling, low loss