Table 2.
In vivo effects of ginger and its constituents against various GI cancer models.
| Cancer | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Liver | Exhibit hepatoprotective activity against alcoholic fatty liver disease in C57BL/6 mice | [39] |
| Liver | Increase superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase level in blood Increase glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes in liver |
[40] |
| Reduce carrageenan-, dextran-, and formalin- induced chronic inflammation Reduce acetic acid induced writhing movements |
[41] | |
| Liver | Decrease the hepatic content of metallothionein and endostatin in Wister Albino rats Increase the growth factors induced by the carcinogen |
|
| Liver | Protect the rat liver from the carcinogenic effects of DEN and AAF Increase Bax and decrease Bcl-2 protein expression |
[42] |
| Downregulate serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and alpha-fetoprotein | [23] | |
| Pancreatic | Downregulate NF-κB signaling and cell survival regulators and sensitize to gemcitabine treatment in pancreatic cancer xenografted mice | |
| Liver | Inhibit CYP450, 1-aminobenzotriazole, and aldo-keto reductase liver microsomes of rats and prevent the formation of M14 and M15 and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid |
[14] |
| Liver | Downregulate NF-κB and TNF-α in Wistar rats with liver cancer | [43] |
| Liver | Reduce SOD activity and MDA level and increase catalase activity in liver of Wistar rats | [44] |
| Colon | Decrease the incidence and number of tumors in colon of Wistar rats | [45] |
| Gastric | Inhibit the expression of the chemokines and TNF-α in gastric cancer of rat model | [46] |
| Gastric | Reverse cisplatin-induced delay in gastric emptying in rats | [47] |
| Colon | Decrease the fecal bile acids, neutral sterols, tissue cholesterol, HMG CoA reductase, free fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipase A, and phospholipase C in colon | [48] |
| Colon | Decrease the incidence and number of tumors in colon as well as the activity of beta-glucuronidase and mucinase | [49] |
| CCA | Exhibit anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antiulcer activities in CCA xenograft nude mouse model | [37] |
| Colon | Block the azoxymethane-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in rats | [50] |
DEN, diethylnitrosamine; AAF, acetylaminofluorene; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappaB; CYP450, cytchrome P450; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde; CCA, cholangiocarcinoma.