Skip to main content

View full-text article in PMC

. 2015 Feb 10;8(2):168–179. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfv004

Table 3.

Protein-bound uraemic toxins other than indoxyl sulphate and p-cresyl sulphate with toxic impact^a

Affected biological function	Toxic solute
Protein binding of drugs [63]	Hippuric acid
Expression of drug transporters [62]	Hippuric acid
Expression of drug transporters [62]	Indole acetic acid
Renal tubular efflux pumps [61]	Hippuric acid
	Indole acetic acid
	Phenyl acetic acid
	Kynurenic acid
Tissue factor expression [64, 66]	Indole acetic acid
Glucuronidation [67]	Indole acetic acid
	Phenyl acetic acid
	Kynurenic acid
Mitochondrial metabolism [67]	Indole acetic acid
	Phenyl acetic acid
	P-cresyl glucuronide
Nitric oxide synthase [68]	Phenyl acetic acid
Leukocyte-free radical production [69]	P-cresyl glucuronide^b
Endothelial albumin leakage [56]	P-cresyl glucuronide^b
Endothelial Cox-2 mRNA expression [65]	Indole acetic acid

^aList is not exhaustive.

^bIn combination with p-cresyl sulphate.