Table 2. Predictors of Time till Recovery of illness episode in children 2–35 months hospitalized with WHO defined Severe Pneumonia.
| Variables | Crude Hazard Ratio* | Adjusted Hazard Ratio* (number of observations) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in months | 1.04 (1.03, 1.06) < 0.001 | |||
| Age categories | Model 1 (594) | Model 2 (455) | Model 3 (454) | |
| • 2–6 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| • 7–11 months | 1.43 (1.17, 1.75) < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.21, 1.83) < 0.001 | 1.53 (1.22, 1.94) < 0.001 | 1.22, 1.94) < 0.001 |
| • 12–23 months | 1.55 (1.21, 1.97) < 0.001 | 1.68 (1.30, 2.16) < 0.001 | 1.46 (1.09, 1.97) 0.012 | 1.09, 1.97) 0.012 |
| • 24–35months | 3.39 (2.01, 5.71) < 0.001 | 4.22 (2.46, 7.25) < 0.001 | 3.33 (1.77, 6.27) < 0.001 | 3.33 (1.77, 6.27) < 0.001 |
| Gender | 1.11 (0.94, 1.31) 0.223 | |||
| Breastfed | 0.97 (0.64, 1.47) 0.882 | |||
| Wasting (< -2 Weight for height/length) | 0.76 (0.63, 0.91) 0.004 | 0.79 (0.65, 0.96) 0.017 | 0.79 (0.64, 0.98) 0.030 | 0.78 (0.63, 0.96) 0.022 |
| Stunting (< -2 Height/length for age) | 0.84 (0.62, 1.14) 0.261 | |||
| Hypoxia (SpO2 < 90%) | 0.64 (0.54, 0.76) < 0.001 | 0.62 (0.51, 0.74) <0.001 | 0.71 (0.58, 0.88) 0.001 | 0.72 (0.58, 0.89) 0.002 |
| Febrile (Axillary temperature > 38.5°C) | 1.14 (0.91, 1.43) 0.248 | |||
| Any danger sign | 0.69 (0.59, 0.82) <0.001 | 0.76 (0.64, 0.91) 0.003 | 0.74 (0.60, 0.90) 0.003 | 0.76 (0.62, 0.92) 0.006 |
| Radiographic pneumonia | 0.56 (0.46, 0.69) <0.001 | 0.58 (0.47, 0.72) <0.001 | 0.55 (0.45, 0.68) <0.001 | |
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) > 40 mg/L | 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) 0.918 | |||
| Nasopharyngeal aspirate positive for virus | ||||
| • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | (0.62, 0.99) 0.049 | |||
| • Influenza A | 0.78 (0.52, 1.19) 0.252 | |||
| • Influenza B | (0.49, 1.33) 0.399 | |||
| • Parainfluenza type 1 (PIV 1) | 1.75 (1.14, 2.69) 0.010 | 2.46 (1.48, 4.09) < 0.001 | ||
| • Parainfluenza type 2 (PIV 2) | (0.40, 2.36) 0.957 | |||
| • Parainfluenza type 3 (PIV 3) | (0.96, 2.17) 0.082 | |||
| • Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) | 0.64 (0.32, 1.28) 0.203 | |||
| Supplemented with zinc | 1.11 (0.94, 1.31) 0.221 | |||
*Hazard ratios (95% CI) and P-value calculated using Cox Regression with exact p option. Hazard ratios <1 for time till recovery indicates slower resolution of illness.
Results of multiple regressions with P-value > 0.05 not shown in the table.
Model 1 (Clinical variables): Adjusted for gender, breastfed, febrile and treatment with zinc.
Model 2 (Clinical + Radiographic pneumonia): Adjusted for gender, breastfed, febrile and treatment with zinc.
Model 3 (All variables): Adjusted for gender, breastfed, febrile, CRP, nasopharyngeal aspirate positive for RSV, influenza A and B, PIV 2 and 3 and hMPV and treatment with zinc.