Table 3. Predictors of Treatment failure of illness episode in children 2–35 months hospitalized with WHO defined Severe Pneumonia.
| Variables | Crude Odds Ratio* | Adjusted Odds ratio* (number of observations per model) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in months | 0.93 (0.90, 0.96) <0.001 | |||
| Age categories | Model 1 (590) | Model 2 (455) | Model 3 (454) | |
| • 2–6 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| • 7–11 months | 0.67 (0.44, 1.01) 0.058 | 0.61 (0.40, 0.94) 0.024 | 0.56 (0.34, 0.91) 0.019 | 0.55 (0.34, 0.90) 0.018 |
| • 12–23 months | 0.37 (0.21, 0.64) <0.001 | 0.33 (0.19, 0.58) <0.001 | 0.27 (0.13, 0.55) <0.001 | 0.27 (0.13, 0.55) <0.001 |
| • 24–35months | 0.22 (0.05, 0.99) 0.049 | 0.18 (0.04, 0.83) 0.028 | 0.31 (0.06, 1.54) 0.153 | 0.34 (0.07, 1.72) 0.194 |
| Gender | 0.83 (0.59,1.18) 0.296 | |||
| Breastfed | 0.67 (0.28,1.61) 0.370 | |||
| Wasting (594) (< -2 Weight for height/length) | 1.49 (1.02, 2.16) 0.038 | |||
| Stunting (598) (< -2 Height/Length for age) | 1.25 (0.69, 2.27) 0.457 | |||
| Hypoxia (SpO2 < 90%) | 1.91 (1.33, 2.74) <0.001 | 2.00 (1.36, 2.93) <0.001 | 1.80 (1.15, 2.80) 0.010 | 1.81 (1.16, 2.83) 0.009 |
| Febrile (Axillary temperature > 38.5°C) | 0.94 (0.59, 1.51) 0.808 | |||
| Any danger sign | 1.65 (1.18, 2.32) 0.004 | 1.44 (1.01, 2.07) 0.045 | ||
| Radiographic pneumonia | 2.22 (1.49, 3.31) < 0.001 | 2.09 (1.37, 3.19) 0.001 | 2.12 (1.39, 3.24) 0.001 | |
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) > 40 mg/L | 1.15 (0.79, 1.67) 0.472 | |||
| Nasopharyngeal aspirate positive for virus | ||||
| • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | 1.47 (0.91, 2.38) 0.115 | |||
| • Influenza A | 0.31, 1.84) 0.533 | |||
| • Influenza B | 0.37, 2.76) 0.989 | |||
| • Parainfluenza type 1 (PIV 1) | 0.18, 1.37) 0.178 | |||
| • Parainfluenza type 2 (PIV 2) | 0.20, 7.44) 0.819 | |||
| • Parainfluenza type 3 (PIV 3) | 0.12, 1.06) 0.063 | |||
| • Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) | 2.34 (0.62, 8.81) 0.209 | |||
| Supplemented with zinc | 0.83 (0.60, 1.17) 0.291 | |||
*Odds ratios (95% CI) and P-value calculated using Logistic Regression. Odds ratios > 1 indicates increased odds of treatment failure.
Results of multiple regressions with P-value >0.05 not shown in the table with the exception of age analyzed as a categorical variable.
Model 1 (Clinical variables): Adjusted for gender, breastfed, wasting, febrile and treatment with zinc.
Model 2 (Clinical + Radiographic pneumonia): Adjusted for gender, breastfed, wasting, febrile, any danger sign and treatment with zinc.
Model 3 (All variables): Adjusted for gender, breastfed, wasting, febrile, any danger sign, CRP, nasopharyngeal aspirate positive for RSV, PIV 1, 2 and 3, influenza A and B, hMPV and treatment with zinc.