Table 1.
Baseline Patient and Practice Characteristics
| RAP (n = 15) | CQI (n = 10) | SD (n = 15) | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Practices | |||
| Rural | 4 (27 %) | 2 (20 %) | 4 (27 %) |
| EHR | 4 (27 %) | 5 (50 %) | 7 (47 %) |
| Practice Size (# clinicians) § | |||
| < 4 | 8 (53.3 %) | 3 (30 %) | 10 (66.7 %) |
| > =4 | 7 (46.7 %) | 7 (70 %) | 5 (33.3 %) |
| Medicaid | |||
| < 20 % | 11 (73 %) | 8 (80 %) | 10 (67 %) |
| > = 20 % | 4 (27 %) | 2 (20 %) | 5 (33 %) |
| Practice Culture | |||
| PCA Change Culture, mean (sd) ‡ | 64.0 (10.0) | 69.6 (7.0) | 68.2 (11.4) |
| PCA Work Culture, mean (sd) ‡ | 68.1 (9.1) | 68.8 (8.0) | 67.9 (14.2) |
| PCA Chaos, mean (sd) ‡ | 36.4 (10.7) | 30.7 (11.7) | 36.3 (12.9) |
| Patient Chart Audit Sample | RAP (N = 312) | CQI (N = 189) | SD (N = 321) |
| Mean (sd) or % | Mean (sd) or % | Mean (sd) or % | |
| Diabetes process-of-care score (range 0–9 in all groups)* ‖ | 4.54 (2.07) | 3.58 (2.33) | 3.63 (2.09) |
| Gender, % male | 44.2 % | 52.9 % | 50.5 % |
| Age (years) | 60.5 (12.6) | 61.9 (12.1) | 60.0 (13.2) |
| Number of medical comorbidities** | 2.1 (1.2) | 2.0 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.1) |
| Presence of psychiatric comorbidity† | 20.5 % | 14.3 % | 13.1 % |
| Baseline HgA1c (n = 636) ‖ | 7.18 (1.59) | 7.35 (1.76) | 7.69 (2.00) |
| Baseline systolic BP (n = 799) ‖ | 128.3(16.4) | 131.8 (17.7) | 132.9 (19.7) |
| Baseline diastolic BP (n = 799) | 76.9 (10.9) | 78.5 (12.2) | 78.0 (11.9) |
| Baseline total cholesterol (n = 703) ¶ | 174.5 (42.6) | 185.8 (49.3) | 184.8 (50.4) |
*Number of up-to-date ADA performance items: HgA1c, foot exam, blood pressure, dilated eye exam, cholesterol, nephropathy screen, flu shot, nutrition counseling, and self-management support
**Includes arthritis, connective tissue disease, gastrointestinal problems, coronary disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, liver disease, pulmonary disease, neurological disease, PVD, renal disease, stroke, dementia, and cancer in the past three years
†depression, substance abuse, other psychiatric dx
‡sd based on aggregated practice means (e.g., means of means)
§number of clinicians: includes MD, DO, NP, PA
‖ p < .01
¶ p < .05