Fig. 3.

Effects of CBG-CS-2 on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophage Raw264.7 cells. Cultures were treated with several concentrations (100S, 500S, and 1000S μg/ml) of CBG-CS-2, with LPS (1 μg/ml). a TNF-α secretion was measured in culture media using an ELISA kit. The results are expressed as mean with SEM from three independent experiments. Double asterisks (**) represent P < 0.01, Student’s t-test. b The mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6, was analyzed via RT-PCR. The GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) gene was used as a control