Table 2.
Tested serum parameters in control and different experimental groups of male rats
| Tested parameters | Animal groups | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Young group | Adult group | |||||||
| NC | FG | NT | NT + FG | NC | FG | NT | NT + FG | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 107.29 ± 0.38 | 97.28a ± 0.36 (−9.33) |
179.68a ± 1.85 (+67.47) |
116.76ac ± 0.51 (+8.83) |
105.40 ± 1.25 | 100.13b ± 0.59 (−5.00) |
161.81b ± 2.15 (+53.52) |
114.71bd ± 1.74 (+8.83) |
| Hb A1c % | 3.07 ± 0.15 | 3.05 ± 0.08 (−0.65) |
4.62a ± 0.18 (+50.49) |
3.27c ± 0.03 (+6.51) |
3.32 ± 0.09 | 3.30 ± 0.13 (−0.60) |
4.27b ± 0.13 (+28.61) |
3.38d ± 0.06 (+1.81) |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 1.38 ± 0.06 | 1.40 ± 0.01 (+1.45) |
1.16a ± 0.01 (−15.94) |
1.30ac ± 0.01 (−5.80) |
1.34 ± 0.01 | 1.35 ± 0.01 (+0.75 |
1.15b ± 0.003 (−14.18) |
1.28bd ± 0.01 (−4.48) |
| T3 (ng/mL) | 1.11 ± 0.009 | 1.10 ± 0.3 (−0.90) |
0.86a ± 0.02 (−22.52) |
1.08c ± 0.004 (−2.70) |
1.04 ± 0.005 | 1.04 ± 0.01 (0) |
0.97b ± 0.01 (−6.73) |
0.93bd ± 0.01 (−10.58) |
| T4 (μg/dl) | 6.86 ± 0.03 | 6.79 ± 0.07 (−1.02) |
5.28a ± 0.05 (−23.03) |
6.23ac ± 0.13 (−9.18) |
3.96 ± 0.05 | 3.92 ± 0.03 (−1.01) |
3.27b ± 0.03 (−17.42) |
3.80d ± 0.09 (−4.04) |
| T. protein (g/dl) | 7.35 ± 0.15 | 8.77a ± 0.19 (+19.32) |
4.68a ± 0.11 (−36.33) |
5.85ac ± 0.12 (−20.41) |
6.56 ± 0.10 | 7.28b ± 0.07 (+10.98) |
4.77b ± 0.04 (−27.29) |
5.89bd ± 0.15 (−10.21) |
| T. bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 0.75a ± 0.01 (−21.88) |
1.37a ± 0.06 (+42.71) |
1.06ac ± 0.02 (+10.42) |
0.89 ± 0.02 | 0.75b ± 0.03 (−15.73) |
1.14b ± 0.03 (+28.09) |
1.03bd ± 0.03 (+15.73) |
| ALT (U/mL) | 27.08 ± 0.71 | 23.65a ± 0.38 (−12.67) |
41.92a ± 1.02 (+54.80) |
30.46ac ± 0.54 (+12.48) |
28.85 ± 0.27 | 25.46b ± 0.25 (−11.75) |
41.21b ± 0.83 (+42.84) |
30.36d ± 0.47 (+5.23) |
| AST (U/mL) | 54.31 ± 1.40 | 50.05a ± 0.29 (−7.84) |
66.49a ± 1.25 (+22.43) |
56.04c ± 0.38 (+3.19) |
57.98 ± 1.28 | 53.73b ± 0.28 (−7.33) |
68.92b ± 1.29 (+18.87) |
58.88d ± 0.97 (+1.55) |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 26.38 ± 0.60 | 26.09 ± 0.73 (−1.10) |
61.85a ± 0.68 (+134.46) |
34.73ac ± 0.60 (+31.65) |
31.93 ± 0.74 | 31.77 ± 0.36 (−0.50) |
54.55b ± 0.70 (+70.84) |
34.15bd ± 0.76 (+6.95) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.72 ± 0.01 | 0.71 ± 0.008 (−1.39) |
0.91a ± 0.008 (+26.39) |
0.78ac ± 0.01 (+8.33) |
0.85 ± 0.02 | 0.84 ± 0.007 (−1.18) |
0.96b ± 0.01 (+12.94) |
0.89bd ± 0.01 (+4.71) |
| TL (mg/dL) | 253.97 ± 2.31 | 217.82a ± 4.31 (−14.23) |
417.21ac ± 7.23 (+64.28) |
284.77ac ± 1.17 (+12.13) |
288.06 ± 2.37 | 262.04b ± 3.51 (−9.03) |
421.65b ± 2.15 +46.38) |
325.47bd ± 6.43 (+12.99) |
| TC (mg/dL) | 57.57 ± 0.72 | 51.36a ± 1.43 (−10.79) |
80.61a ± 1.67 (+40.02) |
58.73c ± 0.79 (+2.01) |
64.53 ± 0.58 | 59.62b ± 1.01 (−7.61) |
81.60b ± 0.79 (+26.45) |
64.93d ± 0.74 (+0.62) |
| TG (mg/dL) | 55.06 ± 1.09 | 42.41a ± 1.17 (−22.97) |
102.46a ± 1.22 (+86.09) |
59.11ac ± 1.13 (+7.36) |
55.24 ± 1.25 | 48.47b ± 1.10 (−12.26) |
81.32b ± 1.11 (+47.21) |
56.53d ± 0.79 (+2.34) |
| PLs (mg/dL) | 74.94 ± 1.18 | 55.50a ± 1.92 (−25.94) |
136.19a ± 2.97 (+81.73) |
106.08ac ± 0.54 (+41.55) |
102.58 ± 2.62 | 89.76b ± 2.33 (−12.50) |
148.27b ± 2.48 (+44.54) |
132.67bd ± 2.02 (+29.33) |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 34.03 ± 0.62 | 38.94a ± 1.14 (+14.43) |
22.40a ± 1.21 (−34.18) |
31.90c ± 0.81 (−6.26) |
41.71 ± 0.33 | 46.35b ± 1.06 (+11.12) |
38.32b ± 0.65 (−8.13) |
41.66d ± 0.43 (−0.12) |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 12.53 ± 0.56 | 7.00a ± 0.32 (−44.13) |
37.72a ± 0.32 (+201.04) |
15.00ac ± 0.34 (+19.71) |
11.43 ± 0.72 | 8.92b ± 0.37 (−21.96) |
27.02b ± 1.25 (+136.40) |
11.62d ± 0.66 (+1.66) |
| VLDL-C (mg/dL) | 11.01 ± 0.22 | 8.48a ± 0.23 (−22.98) |
20.49a ± 0.24 (+86.10) |
11(.83ac ± 0.23 (+7.45) |
11.05 ± 0.25 | 9.69b ± 0.22 (−12.31) |
16.27b ± 0.22 (+47.24) |
11.30d ± 0.16 (+2.26) |
Values are mean ± SE of 6 animals for each group. The values in parentheses are percentage of change from control
Values bearing superscript are significantly different by ANOVA test at p ≤ 0.05
NC normal control, FG fenugreek, NT nitrate, NT + FG nitrate +fenugreek
aSignificant as compared to young control group
bSignificant as compared to adult control group
cSignificant as compared to young nitrate group
dSignificant as compared to adult nitrate group