Table 1.
The table summarizes the results of main studies investigating approach-avoidance related functioning in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD).
| Studies | Study design | Sample size (case/controls) | Personality measures | Results referring to the PD group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Menza et al. (1993) | Cross-sectional | 51 PD; 31 controls with rheumatologic diseases | TPQ | Reduced Novelty seeking |
| Menza et al. (1995) | Cross-sectional | 9 PD | TPQ | Significant correlation between 6-[18F]fluorodopa uptake in the caudate nucleus and novelty seeking |
| Jacobs et al. (2001) | Cross-sectional; Case-control | 122 PD; 122 HCs | TPQ | Increased harm avoidance |
| Kaasinen et al. (2001) | Cross-sectional; Case-control | 61 PD (47 underwent PET examination); 45 healthy subjects | TCI; KSP | Reduced novelty seeking; increased harm avoidance; significant association between increased harm avoidance and 6-[18F]fluorodopa uptake in the caudate nucleus |
| Tomer and Aharon-Peretz (2004) | Cross-sectional; Case-control | 40 PD; 17 HCs | TPQ | Reduced novelty seeking; increased harm avoidance |
| Kaasinen et al. (2004) | Cross-sectional | 28 PD | TCI | Negative correlation between novelty seeking score and insular cortex D2 receptors availability |
| McNamara et al. (2008) | Cross-sectional; Case-control | 44 PD; 17 controls with chronic disease | TCI | Increased harm avoidance; Inverse correlation between verbal fluency and harm avoidance rates. |
| Bódi et al. (2009) | Longitudinal; Case-control | 48 PD; 20 HCs | TCI | Reduced novelty seeking; novelty seeking improvement after dopamine treatment |
| Volpato et al. (2009) | Cross-sectional | 25 PD | BFAC | Significant association between alternating verbal fluency and openness to experience factor |
| Arabia et al. (2010); Bower et al. (2010) | Longitudinal | 6,822 persons without PD at baseline; 156 developed PD at follow-up | MMPI | Significant association between anxiety symptoms and the risk of PD |
| Koerts et al. (2013) | Cross-sectional; Case-control | 43 PD; 25 HCs | TCI | Higher harm avoidance; Cognitive flexibility predicts reward dependence |
| Damholdt et al. (2014) | Cross-sectional | 409 PD | Neo-FFI | Reduced extraversion rates associated with depression |
HCs: Healthy control subjects; PET: Positron emission tomography; TPQ: Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (Cloninger, 1987); TCI: Temperament and Character Inventory (Cloninger et al., 1993); KSP: Karolinka Scales of Personality Questionnaire (Schalling et al., 1987); BFAC: Big Five Adjective Checklist (Caprara et al., 2002); MMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Dahlstrom et al., 1972); Neo-FFI: Neo-Five Factor Inventory (Costa and McCrae, 1992).