Table 5.

Summary of animal studies in which exposure to L/D shifts was used to mimic human shiftwork.

L/D shifts	Rat	Mouse	Total	Studies
Bodyweight	2/5	3/4	+: 4/9 (44, 4%)	Vilaplana et al., 1995; Tsai et al., 2005; Bartol-Munier et al., 2006; Oishi, 2009; Gale et al., 2011; Karatsoreos et al., 2011; Oishi and Itoh, 2013; Voigt et al., 2014
			−: 1/9 (11, 1%)
			o: 4/9 (44, 4%)
Food intake total	2/3	1/3	+: 2/6 (33, 3%)	Vilaplana et al., 1995; Tsai et al., 2005; Bartol-Munier et al., 2006; Oishi, 2009; Karatsoreos et al., 2011; Oishi and Itoh, 2013
			−: 1/6 (16, 7%)
			o: 3/6 (50%)
Activity total	2/2		+: 0/2 (0%)	Tsai et al., 2005; Bartol-Munier et al., 2006
			−: 2/2 (100%)
			o: 0/2 (0%)
EE total
RER
Adiposity
Glucose metabolism	2/3	3/3	+: 4/6 (66, 7%)	Bartol-Munier et al., 2006; Oishi, 2009; Gale et al., 2011; Karatsoreos et al., 2011; Oishi and Itoh, 2013
			−: 1/6 (16, 7%)
			~: 0/6 (0%)
			o: 1/6 (16, 7%)
Lipid metabolism	0/1	1/2	+: 1/3 (33, 3%)	Bartol-Munier et al., 2006; Oishi, 2009; Oishi and Itoh, 2013
			−: 0/3 (0%)
			~: 0/3 (0%)
			o: 2/3 (66, 7%)
Corticosterone
Melatonin	2/2		+: 0/2 (0%)	Gale et al., 2011
			−: 0/2 (0%)
			~: 2/2 (100%)
			o: 0/2 (0%)
Leptin		1/1	+: 1/1 (100%)	Karatsoreos et al., 2011
			−: 0/1 (0%)
			~: 0/1 (0%)
			o: 0/1 (0%)
Ghrelin
BP/Heart rate	1/1		+: 0/1 (0%)	Tsai et al., 2005
			−: 0/1 (0%)
			~: 1/1 (100%)
			o: 0/1 (0%)
Gene expression		1/1	1/1 (100%)	Oishi and Itoh, 2013

For detailed description of the columns, see Methods section.

+, number of studies with increases; −, number of studies with decreases; ~, number of studies with altered rhythm; o, number of studies with no effect. For glucose metabolism a + indicates increased basal levels of glucose, HbA1c or insulin, increased HOMA index or decreased glucose tolerance.

EE, energy expenditure; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; BP, blood pressure.