Table 3.
Average Intakes of Potassium and Sodium, Their Densities, and Their Ratio in 5 Validation Studies of Dietary Self-Report Instruments, by Study, Sex, and Instrument
| Intake Type, Sex, and Instrument | Studya |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OPEN Study |
Energetics Study |
AMPM |
NBSb |
NPAASb |
||||||
| GM | 95% CI | GM | 95% CI | GM | 95% CI | GM | 95% CI | GM | 95% CI | |
| Potassium, mg/day | ||||||||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Biomarker | 3,465 | 3,337, 3,599 | 3,516 | 3,290, 3,757 | 3,449 | 3,294, 3,611 | ||||
| 24HRc | 3,372 | 3,223, 3,529 | 3,438 | 3,088, 3,826 | 3,402 | 3,264, 3,546 | ||||
| FFQ | 3,323 | 3,170, 3,484 | 3,512 | 3,239, 3,808 | 2,991 | 2,870, 3,116 | ||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Biomarker | 2,688 | 2,555, 2,828 | 2,296 | 2,151, 2,450 | 2,615 | 2,494, 2,741 | 2,918 | 2,835, 3,004 | 2,690 | 2,590, 2,795 |
| 24HR | 2,702 | 2,563, 2,850 | 2,573 | 2,362, 2,802 | 2,621 | 2,510, 2,736 | 2,588 | 2,432, 2,753 | 2,359 | 2,272, 2,449 |
| FFQ | 2,798 | 2,667, 2,935 | 2,581 | 2,382, 2,797 | 2,684 | 2,563, 2,811 | 2,532 | 2,457, 2,608 | 2,441 | 2,350, 2,536 |
| Potassium Density, mg/1,000 kcald | ||||||||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Biomarker | 1,225 | 1,177, 1,274 | 1,189 | 1,105, 1,280 | 1,213 | 1,155, 1,273 | ||||
| 24HR | 1,349 | 1,302, 1,397 | 1,212 | 1,135, 1,294 | 1,372 | 1,321, 1,425 | ||||
| FFQ | 1,671 | 1,621, 1,724 | 1,585 | 1,510, 1,664 | 1,551 | 1,509, 1,594 | ||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Biomarker | 1,194 | 1,132, 1,259 | 1,018 | 954, 1,087 | 1,202 | 1,142, 1,265 | 1,404 | 1,362, 1,448 | 1,320 | 1,266, 1,375 |
| 24HR | 1,408 | 1,346, 1,473 | 1,228 | 1,154, 1,306 | 1,347 | 1,154, 1,306 | 1,687 | 1,602, 1,776 | 1,526 | 1,481, 1,573 |
| FFQ | 1,836 | 1,773, 1,900 | 1,568 | 1,503, 1,636 | 1,625 | 1,583, 1,668 | 1,728 | 1,695, 1,763 | 1,667 | 1,633, 1,703 |
| Sodium, mg/day | ||||||||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Biomarker | 4,502 | 4,287, 4,727 | 3,692 | 3,371, 4,043 | 4,648 | 4,421, 4,886 | ||||
| 24HR | 4,446 | 4,258, 4,643 | 4,010 | 3,506, 4,587 | 4,176 | 3,982, 4,379 | ||||
| FFQ | 3,070 | 2,920, 3,227 | 3,377 | 3,077, 3,706 | 2,188 | 2,088, 2,293 | ||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Biomarker | 3,310 | 3,126, 3,503 | 2,555 | 2,345, 2,783 | 3,494 | 3,330, 3,666 | 3,263 | 3,155, 3,373 | 3,056 | 2,933, 3,183 |
| 24HR | 3,337 | 3,153, 3,532 | 2,580 | 2,354, 2,827 | 3,184 | 3,034, 3,342 | 2,437 | 2,275, 2,611 | 2,358 | 2,268, 2,451 |
| FFQ | 2,308 | 2,186, 2,436 | 2,459 | 2,270, 2,662 | 1,851 | 1,762, 1,945 | 2,394 | 2,318, 2,472 | 2,383 | 2,286, 2,484 |
| Sodium Density, mg/1,000 kcal | ||||||||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Biomarker | 1,571 | 1,500, 1,645 | 1,237 | 1,115, 1,373 | 1,618 | 1,539, 1,700 | ||||
| 24HR | 1,763 | 1,707, 1,821 | 1,434 | 1,323, 1,554 | 1,674 | 1,617, 1,734 | ||||
| FFQ | 1,568 | 1,535, 1,601 | 1,538 | 1,480, 1,598 | 1,132 | 1,105, 1,160 | ||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Biomarker | 1,484 | 1,405, 1,567 | 1,148 | 1,054, 1,250 | 1,613 | 1,537, 1,693 | 1,593 | 1,541, 1,646 | 1,493 | 1,433, 1,555 |
| 24HR | 1,708 | 1,642, 1,776 | 1,231 | 1,149, 1,318 | 1,630 | 1,575, 1,686 | 1,604 | 1,523, 1,689 | 1,535 | 1,491, 1,581 |
| FFQ | 1,519 | 1,479, 1,560 | 1,484 | 1,440, 1,530 | 1,122 | 1,094, 1,151 | 1,651 | 1,628, 1,675 | 1,637 | 1,611, 1,665 |
| Sodium:Potassium Ratio | ||||||||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Biomarker | 1.31 | 1.24, 1.38 | 1.09 | 0.96, 1.24 | 1.34 | 1.26, 1.42 | ||||
| 24HR | 1.32 | 1.26, 1.38 | 1.14 | 1.03, 1.27 | 1.21 | 1.16, 1.27 | ||||
| FFQ | 0.93 | 0.90, 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.92, 1.03 | 0.73 | 0.71, 0.76 | ||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Biomarker | 1.22 | 1.13, 1.31 | 1.12 | 1.03, 1.23 | 1.34 | 1.26, 1.42 | 1.13 | 1.09, 1.18 | 1.13 | 1.08, 1.18 |
| 24HR | 1.21 | 1.15, 1.28 | 1.00 | 0.91, 1.11 | 1.21 | 1.15, 1.27 | 0.95 | 0.89, 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.04 |
| FFQ | 0.83 | 0.80, 0.86 | 0.96 | 0.93, 1.00 | 0.69 | 0.67, 0.72 | 0.96 | 0.93, 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.96, 1.01 |
Abbreviations: AMPM, Automated Multiple-Pass Method validation study; CI, confidence interval; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; GM, geometric mean; 24HR, 24-hour recall; NBS, Nutrition Biomarker Study; NPAAS, Nutrition and Physical Activity Assessment Study; OPEN, Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition.
a For study dates, see Table 1.
b NBS and NPAAS included only women.
c Single administration of a 24HR; data were taken from the first recall, except for the Energetics Study, where the second recall was used.
d 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ.