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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2014 Aug 15;25(5):587–596. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.08.002

Figure 1. Mechanisms for the induction of apoptosis.

Figure 1

Apoptosis can be induced through a number of mechanisms upon EV infection which include (1) release of ER-derived Ca2+ stores, (2) activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), and (3) activation of stress activated protein kinases (SAPKs).