Fig. 3.

Results of CCM analysis between the CR time series and the annual variations in GT (ΔGT). Although there is no correlation between these variables (ρ = 0.02), convergence (increasing and significant ρ with longer time series; blue line) suggests that year-to-year changes in GT are causally forced by galactic CR (i.e., ΔGT cross maps CR, information about CR is encoded in ΔGT). As explained in the text, a comparison with phase randomized surrogate data (shaded areas) shows that this result is significant at the 5% level and is independently confirmed with AR1 surrogates (SI Appendix, Fig. S4). Lack of convergence (red line) confirms, as expected, that ΔGT has no causal influence on CR.