Table 2.
Life style in participants four years after index pregnancy for women with and without previous GDM and born in or outside Sweden
| Pregnancy without previous GDM | Pregnancy with previousGDM | P-value | Participants born in Sweden without GDM | Participants born in Sweden with GDM | P-value | Participants born outside Sweden without GDM | Participants born outside Sweden with GDM | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present status | (N = 321) | (N = 107) | (N = 293) | (N = 81) | (n = 27) | (N = 25) | |||
| Pregnant at follow up (excluded from calculations) | 10 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
| Smoking | |||||||||
| On daily basis/ Occasionally | 60 (18.7%) | 21 (18.7%) | 1.0001 | 51 (17.4%) | 16 (19.8%) | 0.6261 | 9 (33.3%) | 4 (16.0%) | 0.2052 |
| Never | 261 (81.3%) | 90 (81.3%) | 242 (82.6%) | 65 (80.2%) | 18 (66.7%) | 21 (84.0%) | |||
| Alcohol habits | |||||||||
| Never | 45 (14.0%) | 24 (22.4%) | 0.0071 | 35 (11.9%) | 10 (12.3%) | 0.1191 | 10 (37.0%) | 14 (56.0%) | 0.0351 |
| ≤ once a month | 93 (29.0%) | 43 (40.2%) | 90 (30.7%) | 36 (44.4%) | 3 (11.1%) | 7 (28.0%) | |||
| 2-4 times/ month | 142 (44.2%) | 27 (25.2%) | 131 (44.7%) | 25 (30.9%) | 10 (37.0%) | 2 (8.0%) | |||
| 2-3 times/ week | 38 (11.8%) | 12 (11.2%) | 34 (11.6%) | 10 (12.0%) | 4 (14.8%) | 1 (4.0%) | |||
| ≥4 times/week | 3 (0.9%) | 1 (0.9%) | 3 (1.0%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.0%) | |||
| Units alcohol at each drinking occasion | |||||||||
| 1-2 units | 184 (67.2%) | 61 (74.4%) | 0.2151 | 171 (66.5%) | 51 (71.8%) | 0.3991 | 12 (75.0%) | 9 (90.0%) | 0.6172 |
| ≥3 units | 90 (32.8%) | 21 (25.6%) | 86 (33.5%) | 20 (28.2%) | 4 (25.0%) | 1 (10.0%) | |||
| Eating habits | |||||||||
| 3 main courses/day5 | 262 (82.4%) | 78 (72.9%) | 0.0341 | 245 (84.5%) | 60 (74.1%) | 0.0301 | 16 (59.3%) | 17 (68.0%) | 0.5122 |
| Irregular habits6 | 56 (17.6%) | 29 (27.1%) | 45 (15.5%) | 21 (25.9%) | 11 (40.7%) | 8 (32.0%) | |||
| Amount of fruit and vegetables/day | |||||||||
| % of recommended amount, mean (±SD) | 63.1% (±25.2) | 61.1% (±25.1) | 0.4943 | 63.5% (±25.1) | 60.4% (±23.0) | 0.3083 | 56.4% (±25.1) | 62.1% (±31.0) | 0.4713 |
| Reached recommended amount of fruit and vegetables/day 7 | |||||||||
| Yes | 20 (6.3%) | 9 (8.4%) | 0.4511 | 18 (6.2%) | 3 (3.7%) | 0.5862 | 1 (3.8%) | 5 (20.0%) | 0.0992 |
| No | 298 (93.7%) | 98 (91.6%) | 273 (93.8%) | 78 (96.3%) | 25 (96.2%) | 20 (80.0%) | |||
| Physical activity on regular basis | |||||||||
| Yes | 197 (63.3%) | 54 (53.5%) | 0.0771 | 186 (64.6%) | 47 (60.3%) | 0.4811 | 11 (50.0%) | 6 (27.3%) | 0.2151 |
| No | 114 (36.7%) | 47 (46.5%) | 102 (35.4%) | 31 (39.7%) | 11 (50.0%) | 16 (72.7%) | |||
| Frequency of physical activity/week 8 | |||||||||
| No of times/week, | |||||||||
| Mean (±SD) | 2.6 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.8) | 0.7593 | 2.6 (1.5) | 2.8 (1.8) | 0.4903 | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.4) | 0.9103 |
| Median, 25th -75th percentile | 2.0 (1.2 - 3.0) | 2.0 (1.2 - 3.4) | 0.9224 | 2.0 (1.5 – 3.0) | 2.0 (1.5 – 3.5) | 0.9194 | 2.5 (1.0 – 4.0) | 2.5 (1.75 – 3.5) | 1.0004 |
| Intensity of performed physical activity 8 | |||||||||
| High | 57 (29.1%) | 5 (9.6%) | 0.0061 | 55 (29.7%) | 4 (8.5%) | 0.0071 | 2 (18.2%) | 1 (25.0%) | 0.7742 |
| Moderate | 102 (52.0%) | 30 (57.7%) | 97 (52.4%) | 29 (61.7%) | 5 (45.5%) | 1 (25.0%) | |||
| Low | 37 (18.9%) | 17 (32.7%) | 33 (17.8%) | 14 (29.8%) | 4 (36.4%) | 2 (50.0%) | |||
| Reached the recommended level of physical activity 8 | |||||||||
| Yes9 | 65 (33.0%) | 10 (19.2%) | 0.0622 | 61 (32.8%) | 10 (21.3%) | 0.1562 | 4 (36.4%) | 0 | 0.5162 |
| No | 132 (67.0%) | 42 (80.8%) | 125 (67.2%) | 37 (78.7%) | 7 (63.6%) | 4 (100%) | |||
1Chi2-test, 2Fishers’ test, 3Student’s t-test, 4Mann–Whitney test, 5Breakfast, lunch and dinner with and without 1 – 3 snacks, 6Skipping courses; ie. reporting irregular eating habits, such as 1 – 2 main courses/ day or frequent snacking and no main courses, 7500 grams of fruit and vegetables/day, 8Only participants reporting regular physical activity included in this analysis, 9≥ 3 times/week at moderate or high intensity.