. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Soc Hypertens. 2015 Feb 7;9(3):244–247. doi: 10.1016/j.jash.2015.02.001

Table 1.

Obstructive sleep apnea

Signs, symptoms, and risk factors	Disruptive snoring
	Witnessed apnea or gasping
	Obesity and/or enlarged neck size
	Hypersomnolence (not common in children or in heart failure)
	Other signs and symptoms include male gender, crowded-appearing pharyngeal airway, increased blood pressure, morning headache, sexual dysfunction, behavioral changes (especially in children)
Screening and diagnostic tests	Questionnaires (STOPBANG, Berlin, Epworth)
	Holter (24h ECG) monitoring
	Overnight oximetry
	Home-based/ambulatory unattended polysomnography
	In-hospital attended overnight polysomnography
Treatment Options	Positional therapy
	Weight loss
	Avoidance of alcohol and sedatives
	Positive airway pressure
	Oral appliances
	Surgery
	Radiofrequency ablation of the soft palate
	Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
	Tonsillectomy
	Tracheostomy