| Gao et al (20), 2004
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Guangzhou (1996–1997)
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A randomized controlled trial
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Nonsmoking pregnant women with smoking husbands in a hospital (N = 1,532); intervention group (n = 380) and control group (n = 378)
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Education: intervention group received education from doctors on avoidance behaviors and how to persuade smoking husband to quit; brochures provided
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Frequency of women moving from smoker; frequency of persuading husbands to quit; frequency of husbands attempting to quit; changes in the number of cigarettes smoked by husbands
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Higher percentage of avoidance behavior (women walked away from smokers) in intervention group than in control group (44.5% vs 39.7%, P = .05). The proportion of pregnant women stopping husbands from smoking was higher in intervention group (71.6% vs 55.6%, P < .01). The proportion of husbands attempting to quit was higher in intervention group (45.5% vs 32.8%, P < .01). The proportion of husbands who quit smoking for at least 7 days was higher in intervention group than in control group (8.7% vs 4.5%, P < .05).
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| Loke and Lam (21), 2005
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Guangzhou (1996–1997)
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A randomized controlled trial; used a Reasoned Action Model
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Nonsmoking pregnant woman with smoking husbands in a hospital (N = 758); intervention group (n = 380) and control group (n = 378); follow-up took place within 1 month of expected delivery date.
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Education: intervention group received standardized advice from doctors on recognizing health risks of exposure, avoiding exposure, and helping husbands to quit
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Husbands’ attempts to give up smoking in the past 7 days; husbands’ change in the number of cigarettes smoked per day; husbands’ giving up totally for 1 month or longer; Husbands’ attempts at giving up and actually giving up.
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More husbands in the intervention group than in the control group (30.0% vs 22.2%, P < .01) attempted to give up; more husbands in the intervention group than in the control group (39.7% vs 17.7%, P < .01) reduced their amount of smoking; more husbands quit smoking for 1 month in the intervention group than in the control group (6.1% vs 4.2%, P = .26)
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| Yang and Mao (22), 2010
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Sichuan (2008)
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A randomized controlled trial
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Nonsmoking pregnant women in 8 hospitals (N = 186); intervention group (n = 91) and control group (n = 95). Used a biomarker (hair ) to measure level of exposure to SHS
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Education: provided brochures, lecture, role play, video, hotline, knowledge competition
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Knowledge and skills of avoidance; the number of cigarettes smoked per day by husbands; hair nicotine test
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The number of cigarettes per day that husbands smoked in intervention group decreased significantly compared with the control group (P < .01); proportion of families creating smoke-free restriction policy increased in intervention group (P < .01); hair nicotine concentration decreased by 0.2 (log µɡ/ɡ) in intervention group and increased by 0.1(log µɡ/ɡ) in control group (P < .01)
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| Lee (23), 2008 |
Chengdu (2007) |
Pretest–posttest intervention; the Health Belief Model |
Nonsmoking pregnant women in 3 hospitals for prenatal care whose husbands were smokers; Pretest–posttest group discussions (n = 55); pretest–posttest intervention (n = 128); follow-up at 16 weeks |
Education: authoritative figures from the hospital gave motivational speeches. Video used to communicate knowledge; role play used to instill a feeling of efficacy; booklet used to communicate knowledge and teach skills; telephone hotline used for counseling and reinforcement |
Changes in knowledge, attitudes, and avoidance actions |
A higher proportion of women asked smokers to stop smoking in their presence (98.4% vs 92.2%, P < .05 for husband; 86.7% vs 56.2%, P < .01 for other family members) at postintervention compared with preintervention |
| Hu et al (24), 2011 |
Changsha (2011) |
A pretest-posttest intervention |
Nonsmoking pregnant women in 4 hospitals (N = 1,015); retention rate was 77.7% |
Education: mass media (radio, newspaper); video; role play |
Knowledge and skills of avoidance |
Prevalence of SHS exposure declined from 62.2% in preintervention to 33.8% at postintervention (P < .01); self-efficacy of stopping others smoking increased at postintervention (P < .01) |
