Table 5.

Tendon and joint forces during various hand functions

Hand function	Finger	Tendon force		Joint force			Authors
		FDP	FDS	MCP	PIP	DIP
Power grasp	—	4.0–20.0	1.25–15.0	—	—	—	Bright and Urbaniak [89]
	—	4.0	0.60	—	—	—	Schuind et al [88]
	Index	2.77	2.53	12.7	4.35	0.09	Chao et al [60]
	Middle	3.05	4.23	3.90	7.11	0.17
	Little	3.37	3.40	4.50	6.02	3.31
	Middle	3.37	3.75	5.18	6.80	3.89	Chao et al [25]
	Index	3.17–3.47	1.51–2.14	3.20–3.70	4.50–5.30	2.80–3.40	An et al [78]
Pinch grip	Index	—	—	5.50	4.60	—	Berme et al [90]
Tip pinch	—	2.50–12.5	1.00–7.50	—	—	—	Bright and Urbaniak [89]
	—	8.30	1.90	—	—	—	Schuind et al [88]
	Index	—	—	3.50–3.90	4.40–4.90	2.40–2.70	An et al [78]
Key pinch	Index			14.70–27.10	4.90–19.40	2.90–12.50	An et al [78]
Pulp pinch	—	—	—	4.00–4.60	4.80–5.80	3.00–4.60	An et al [78]

The forces are presented in Newton.

DIP, distal interphalangeal joint; FDP, flexor digitorum profundus; FDS, flexor digitorum superficialis; MCP: metacarpophalangeal joint; PIP, proximal interphalangeal joint.