Table 7.
Sample characteristics at T1 (in 2007) for rural-to-urban migrants, rural-urban-rural return migrants, and longer-term urban residents in the destination areas: Means (standard deviations) or percentages (n)
| Characteristics | Rural-to-Urban Migrants (N = 179) | Rural-Urban-Rural Return Migrants (N = 113) | Longer-Term Urban Residents (N = 252) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean years: 19-31) | 23.21 (3.14)***, n.s. | 24.84 (3.67)*** | 23.26 (3.28) |
| Sex (%) | |||
| Male | 48.6 (87)*, n.s. | 59.3 (67)* | 48.0 (121) |
| Female | 51.4 (92) | 40.7 (46) | 52.0 (131) |
| Marital Status (%) | |||
| Single | 50.8 (91)**, * | 35.4 (40)*** | 61.1 (154) |
| Married | 46.4 (83)*, * | 61.1 (69)*** | 36.9 (93) |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 2.8 (5)n.s., n.s. | 3.4 (4)n.s. | 2.0 (5) |
| Occupation (%) | |||
| Professional | 12.3 (22)†, n.s. | 6.2 (7)* | 13.9 (35) |
| Skilled | 46.9 (84)n.s., n.s. | 45.1 (51)n.s. | 45.2 (114) |
| Manual labor | 7.3 (13)***, n.s. | 27.4 (31)*** | 9.9 (25) |
| Student | 27.4 (49)***, n.s. | 5.3 (6)*** | 22.6 (57) |
| Not working | 6.1 (H)**, n.s. | 15.9 (18)* | 8.3 (21) |
| Education (%) | |||
| None | 1.1 (2)*, n.s. | 5.3 (6)* | 0.8 (2) |
| Primary (1-6 yrs) | 20.7 (37)***, ** | 41.6 (47)*** | 9.9 (25) |
| Secondary (7-12 yrs) | 41.3 (74)n.s., n.s. | 39.8 (45)n.s. | 37.3 (94) |
| Undergraduate/masters (13+ years) | 36.9 (66)***, ** | 13.3 (15)*** | 52.0 (131) |
| Previous Migration Experience (ever migrated before 2005 for the migrant groups) (%) | 72.1 (129)**, *** | 85.0 (96)n.s. | 87.7 (221) |
n.s
p > .10
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001