Table 2.
Inflammatory markers in amniotic fluid, pregnancy outcomes and placental pathology results, of patients in whom microorganisms were detected in amniotic fluid using standard cultivation techniques vs. PCR/ESI-MS.
| Group | AF culture | PCR/ESI-MS | GE/well | AF IL-6 (ng/mL) |
AF WBC | GA at amniocentesis (weeks) |
Interval amniocentesis- to-delivery |
GA at delivery (weeks) |
Acute placental inflammation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microbial-associated intra-amniotic inflammation (n=5) | Negative | Fusobacterium nucleatum | 97 | 359.10 | 605 | 23.4 | 6 | 24.3 | Yes |
|
| |||||||||
| Gardnerella vaginalis | 168 | 6.63 | 2 | 23.6 | 18 | 26.1 | Yes | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Herpes simplex virus 2 | 88 | 3.02 | 5 | 21.9 | 4 | 22.4 | Yes | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | 25 | 98.11 | 1265 | 24.1 | 20 | 27.0 | Yes | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 8 | 8.40 | 26 | 27.3 | 100 | 41.6 | No | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) (n=28) | Negative | Acidovorax temperans | 29 | 0.69 | 4 | 27.9 | 53 | 35.4 | No |
| Acinetobacter junii | 25 | ||||||||
| Candida tropicalis | 35 | ||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 8 | ||||||||
| Parvovirus B19 | 36 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Viridans/Mitis Group Streptococcus | 11 | 0.44 | 24 | 23.9 | 59 | 32.3 | No | ||
| Viridans/Salivarius Group Streptococcus | 3 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Acidovorax temperans | 54 | 0.98 | 1 | 29.4 | 7 | 30.4 | No | ||
| Acinetobacter junii | 17 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Actinomyces odontolyticus | 3 | 0.16 | 0 | 23.1 | 33 | 27.9 | No | ||
| Streptococcus infantis/peroris | 6 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Herpes simplex virus 2 | 90 | 0.16 | 0 | 20.9 | 8 | 22.0 | No | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 3 | 0.43 | 0 | 24.6 | 25 | 28.1 | No information | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Bacteria detected - No ID could be assigned | 11 | 2.10 | 0 | 23.6 | 117 | 40.3 | No | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 6 | 1.11 | 1 | 25.4 | 92 | 38.6 | No | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Acinetobacter junii | 26 | 0.37 | 0 | 26.6 | 85 | 38.7 | Yes | ||
| Bacteria detected - No ID could be assigned | 10 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 4 | 0.25 | 0 | 26.0 | 63 | 35.0 | No | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Acinetobacter junii | 15 | 0.92 | 0 | 29.1 | 51 | 36.4 | No information | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 10 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Bacteroides fragilis | 26 | 0.72 | 20 | 29.4 | 84 | 41.4 | No | ||
| Sneathia species | 20 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Bacteria detected - No ID could be assigned | 12 | 0.49 | 0 | 25.7 | 93 | 39.0 | No | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Herpes simplex virus 2 | 24 | 0.98 | 1 | 30.0 | 63 | 39.0 | No information | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Rhodococcus sp. RHA1 | 119 | 0.04 | 2 | 20.3 | 125 | 38.1 | No information | ||
| Acidovorax temperans | 32 | ||||||||
| Acinetobacter junii | 41 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Cytomegalovirus | 56 | 0.26 | 0 | 30.1 | 51 | 37.4 | Yes | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 5 | 1.04 | 2 | 25.3 | 86 | 37.6 | No | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Gardnerella vaginalis | 15 | 0.65 | 1 | 21.7 | 99 | 35.9 | No | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Moraxella osloensis | 5 | 0.55 | 10 | 21.6 | 123 | 39.1 | No information | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Acinetobacter junii | 35 | 0.22 | 1 | 19.1 | 138 | 38.9 | No | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Kytococcus sedentarius | 93 | 0.22 | 0 | 20.1 | 126 | 38.1 | Yes | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Herpes simplex virus 2 | 199 | 0.46 | 2 | 23.3 | 103 | 38.0 | Yes | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Acidovorax temperans | 104 | 0.69 | 2 | 26.3 | 79 | 37.6 | No information | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Enterococus faecalis | Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum | 21 | 0.99 | 0 | 25.1 | 75 | 35.9 | No | |
| Staphylococcus caprae | 11 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Fusobacterium | Negative | N/A | 0.66 | 2 | 22.3 | 27 | 26.1 | Yes | |
|
| |||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | Negative | N/A | 1.02 | 4 | 19.9 | 24 | 23.3 | Yes | |
|
| |||||||||
| Ureaplasma Urealyticum | Negative | N/A | 0.73 | 4 | 25.1 | 90 | 38.0 | No information | |
|
| |||||||||
| Ureaplasma Urealyticum | Negative | N/A | 0.65 | 1 | 22.9 | 105 | 37.9 | No | |
AF: Amniotic fluid; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; ESI-MS: Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; GE/well, genome equivalents per PCR reaction well; IL-6, interleukin 6; N/A, not applicable; WBC, white blood cell count.