Table 1.

Reactions and parameter values used for numerical simulations.

Reaction numbers and types		Parameters and values
No.	Type	Bifunctional design	Monofunctional design
1	SK → SK∼P + ADP − ATP	kap, variable	kap, variable
		kap = 0.1 s−1 (Fig. 2B, Figs S1, S2 and S4B)
2	SK∼P → SK + Pi	kad < 0.001 s−1	kad = 0.001 s−1
3	SK∼P + RR → SK∼P.RR	kb1 = 0.5 μM s−1	kb1 = 0.5 μM s−1
4	SK∼P.RR → SK∼P + RR	kd1 = 0.5 s−1	kd1 = 0.5 s−1
5	SK∼P.RR → SK.RR∼P	kpt = 1.5 s−1	kpt = 1.5 s−1
6	SK.RR∼P → SK + RR∼P	kd2 = 0.5 s−1	kd2 = 0.5 s−1
7	SK + RR∼P → SK.RR∼P	kb2 = 0.5 μM s−1	kb2 = 0.05 μM s−1
		kb2 = 0.05 μM s−1 (Fig. 2B and C, Figs S1, S2 and S4B)
8	SK.RR∼P → SK.RR + Pi	kph = 0.05 s−1	kph = 0 s−1
		kph = 0.025 s−1 (Fig. S3, grey thick line)
9	SK.RR → SK + RR	kd3 = 0.5 s−1	kd3 = 0.5 s−1
			kd3 = 5 s−1 (Figs 2A and A3, dash-dotted line)
10	SK + RR → SK.RR	kb3 = 0.5 μM s−1	kb3 = 0.5 μM s−1
11	Ph + RR∼P → Ph.RR∼P	kb4 = 0.5 μM s−1 (Fig. 2B, Figs S1, S2 and S4B)	kb4 = 0.5 μM s−1
12	Ph.RR∼P → Ph + RR∼P	kd4 = 0.5 s−1 (Fig. 2B and C, Figs S1, S2 and S4B)	kd4 = 0.5 s−1
13	Ph.RR∼P → Ph + RR	kcat = 0.025 s−1 (Fig. 2B and C, Figs S1, S2 and S4B)	kcat = 0.05 s−1
			kcat = 0.1 s−1 (Fig. S3, dash-dotted line)
		[RR]total = 6 μM	[RR]total = 6 μM
		[SK]total = 0.17 μM	[SK]total = 0.17 μM
		[Ph]total = 0	[Ph]total = 0.17 μM
		[Ph]total = 0.17 μM (Fig. 2B and C, Figs S1, S2 and S4B)