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ppGpp measurement. Intracellular ppGpp levels in Erwinia amylovora WT and relA, spoT, dksA, relA/spoT, and relA/dksA mutant strains were quantified in HMM by using the fluorescent chemosensor PyDPA as reported previously (44, 45). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t test (P = 0.05) were used to analyze the data. Values marked with the same letter were not significantly different (P < 0.05). NI, not included in statistical analysis. This experiment was performed twice.
