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Working model illustrating the role of ppGpp in Erwinia amylovora in response to plant and environmental stimuli. This model is based on findings obtained in this study as well as those reported in previous studies (4, 5, 8, 11). Symbols: ↓, positive effect; ⊥, negative effect; IhfA and -B, integration host factors α and β; RNAP, RNA polymerase; OM, outer membrane; IM, inner membrane.
