Table 2.

Mean Net Downward Top of Atmosphere Radiative Flux, Their Standard Deviation (SD) and Ocean Heating Rates (Wm⁻²) for Different Observed and Simulated Data Sets and Time Periods

Period	OBS	ERAI	UPSCALE	AMIP5	CMIP5
1985–1989	0.23	−1.58	1.30a	0.71	1.53
1990–1994	0.00	−0.94	1.20	0.01	1.06
1995–1999	0.78	−1.05	2.10	0.62	1.68
2000–2004	0.63	−1.26	2.19	0.80	1.76
2005–2009	0.63	−1.45	1.98	0.85b	1.66
1985–2012	0.47	−1.31	1.78a	0.59b	1.57
SD	0.54	0.50	0.62a	0.57b	0.33
		ORAS4 Ocean	Ocean Observations
Period	OBS	Reanalysisc	0–700m		0–1800m
1980–1989		0.43±0.11
1990–1999	0.39±0.67	−0.18±0.09
2000–2009	0.63±0.43	0.84±0.08
1983–2011			0.43d
1993–2008	0.65±0.67		0.49d; 0.39±0.09e
2005–2012	0.62±0.43		0.13d; 0.21±0.20e		0.29d, 0.43±0.38f

^aUPSCALE means and standard deviation for 1986–2011.

^bAMIP5 means and standard deviation for 1985–2008.

^cBalmaseda et al. [2013] full ocean depth heating rate relative to Earth's total surface area.

^dLyman and Johnson [2014] 2004–2011 “robust average” which applies a representative average to infill data gaps (essentially assuming that missing data share the anomaly of the surrounding data).

^eAbraham et al. [2013] median weighted least squares fit.

^fLoeb et al. [2012] 2005–2010.