Table 2. Multiple Cox regression models for the association between risk factors and COPD in the derivation cohort, separately for females (N=245,351) and males (N=235,552).
| HR a, females |
95% CI around HR
|
HR a, males |
95% CI around HR
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
|
Years of age
| ||||||
| 35–39 (reference) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 40–44 | 2.05 | 1.75 | 2.41 | 2.06 | 1.72 | 2.46 |
| 45–49 | 3.71 | 3.19 | 4.31 | 3.87 | 3.29 | 4.56 |
| 50–54 | 5.49 | 4.75 | 6.34 | 6.02 | 5.14 | 7.04 |
| 55–59 | 8.15 | 7.07 | 9.40 | 9.66 | 8.28 | 11.27 |
| 60–64 | 10.52 | 9.13 | 12.11 | 14.01 | 12.04 | 16.32 |
| 65+ | 25.75 | 22.46 | 29.52 | 31.89 | 27.48 | 37.01 |
| Ever-smoker (reference=never-smoker) | 9.61 | 8.92 | 10.34 | 6.72 | 6.19 | 7.30 |
|
Carstairs level of deprivation
| ||||||
| 1st Quintile (least deprived: reference) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2nd Quintile | 1.25 | 1.14 | 1.37 | 1.36 | 1.25 | 1.48 |
| 3rd Quintile | 1.65 | 1.52 | 1.78 | 1.60 | 1.48 | 1.73 |
| 4th Quintile | 1.95 | 1.80 | 2.11 | 1.91 | 1.77 | 2.06 |
| 5th Quintile (most deprived) | 2.58 | 2.39 | 2.79 | 2.52 | 2.34 | 2.73 |
| Prior asthma (reference=no recording) | 2.79 | 2.62 | 2.97 | 3.37 | 3.15 | 3.60 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR, hazard ratio.
a
HR of COPD diagnosis for a risk factor (or risk factor category) compared with its reference, adjusted for all other risk factors.