Table 3. Univariate analyses of factors between hospitalised patients and outpatients.
| Hospitalised (n=40) | Outpatients (n=84) | Odds ratio (95% CI) P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agea | 78 (53–94; 10) | 69 (50–95; 21) | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) 0.025 |
| Male gender | 22 (55.0%) | 42 (50.0%) | 0.60 (0.57–2.60) 0.602 |
| BMIa (kg/m2) | 28.6 (20.0–41.8; 5.5) | 27.6 (17.1–47.6; 5.6) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) 0.397 |
| Obese (BMI>30 kg/m2) | 15 (37.5%) | 23 (29.1%) | 1.46 (0.65–3.26) 0.354 |
| Smoking | 0.015 | ||
| 0 pack-years | 15 (42.9%) | 45 (60.8%) | 0.48 (0.21–1.09) |
| 1–39 pack-years | 3 (8.6%) | 13 (17.6%) | 0.40 (0.11–1.51) |
| ⩾40 pack-years | 17 (48.6%) | 16 (21.6%) | 3.43 (1.44–8.12) |
| Alcohol | 0.78 (0.32–1.90) 0.578 | ||
| Current/former users | 9 (23.1%) | 23 (27.7%) | |
| Vaccinated against influenza | 25 (64.1%) | 50 (60.2%) | 1.18 (0.54–2.59) 0.680 |
| Vaccinated against pneumococcus | 11 (28.2%) | 32 (38.6%) | 0.63 (0.27–1.43) 0.264 |
| COPD | 24 (60.0%) | 16 (19.3%) | 6.28 (2.73–14.48) <0.0001 |
| Asthma | 5 (12.5%) | 3 (3.7%) | 3.76 (0.85–16.62) 0.064 |
| Heart disease | 30 (75.0%) | 50 (59.5%) | 2.04 (0.88–4.72) 0.092 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 10 (25.0%) | 16 (19.0%) | 1.42 (0.58–3.48) 0.447 |
| Immunosuppressed | 3 (7.5%) | 1 (1.2%) | 6.57 (0.66–65.26) 0.103 |
| Malignancy | 2 (5.0%) | 5 (6.0%) | 0.83 (0.15–4.48) 0.830 |
| Multimorbidity | 27 (67.5%) | 25 (31.2%) | 4.57 (2.03–10.30) <0.0001 |
| SBPa | 130 (104–191; 25) | 134 (105–180; 16) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) 0.449 |
| DBPa | 76 (55–128; 15) | 80 (50–120; 10) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) 0.524 |
| Respiratory ratea (b.p.m.) | 24 (14–36; 8) | 17 (10–39; 7) | 1.02 (1.06–1.25) <0.0001 |
| O2 Saturationa (%) | 92 (72–97; 6) | 94 (78–99; 3) | 0.82 (0.73–0.92) <0.0001 |
| Hba (mg/dl) | 11.9 (9.1–16.0; 3.0) | 13.3 (5.7–18.1; 1.8) | 0.70 (0.54–0.91) 0.001 |
| WBCa (mg/dl) | 10,550 (5,900–35,000; 7,650) | 9,550 (3,700–18,100; 5,975) | 1.33 (1.29–2.37) 0.032 |
| Sleep hyperhidrosis | 2 (5.3%) | 42 (50.0%) | 0.06 (0.01–0.25) <0.0001 |
| Confusion | 5 (12.8%) | 2 (2.4%) | 6.03 (1.12–32.60) 0.032 |
| Chest pain | 7 (17.9%) | 35 (41.7%) | 0.31 (0.12–0.77) 0.01 |
| Abnormal respiratory sounds | 36 (94.7%) | 68 (81.0%) | 4.24 (0.92–19.45) 0.047 |
| CRB-65 score | 2.21 (0.68–7.22) 0.184 | ||
| 0 | 5 (13.5%) | 10 (25.6%) | |
| ⩾1 | 32 (86.5%) | 29 (74.4%) |
Odds ratios are computed using outpatients as the reference category. Odds ratios for continuous variables refer to a unit increase in each value except WBC, where they refer to one thousand units increase in its value.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRB-65, C:confusion, R:respiratory rate, B:blood pressure at 65 years of age and older; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Hb, haemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WBC, white blood cell.
a
Continuous variables are presented as median (min—max; interquartile range).