Table 3.
Diabetic Retinal Disease and Risk of Dementia from Age as Time Scale Cox Proportional Hazard Models
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | |
| Model 1: age (as time scale) | 1.41 (1.27 1.57) |
| Model 2: age (as time scale), gender, race and education. | 1.42 (1.27 1.58) |
| Medical utilization | |
| Model 3: model 2 & medical utilization. | 1.47 (1.32 1.64) |
| Diabetes associated factors | |
| Model 2 & diabetes duration | 1.36 (1.22 1.52) |
| Model 2 & HbA1c | 1.39 (1.24 1.56) |
| Model 2 & diabetes pharmacotherapy | 1.32 (1.18 1.48) |
| Model 2 & hyperglycemia | 1.42 (1.27 1.58) |
| Model 2 & hypoglycaemia | 1.38 (1.24 1.54) |
| Model 2 & all five diabetes associated factors above | 1.29 (1.14 1.45) |
| Vascular factors | |
| Model 2 & cerebrovascular disease | 1.38 (1.24 1.54) |
| Model 2 & hypertension | 1.42 (1.27 1.58) |
| Model 2 & hyperlipidemia | 1.42 (1.27 1.58) |
| Model 2 & BMI | 1.41 (1.26 1.58) |
| Model 2 & smoking status | 1.42 (1.27 1.59) |
| Model 2 & peripheral arterial disease | 1.39 (1.25 1.55) |
| Model 2 & myocardial infarction | 1.41 (1.26 1.57) |
| Model 2 & congestive heart failure | 1.38 (1.24 1.55) |
| Model 2 & all eight vascular factors above | 1.35 (1.21 1.52) |
| Combined diabetes and vascular factors | |
| Model 3 & DM composite and Vascular composite | 1.32 (1.17, 1.48) |
| Model 3 & DM composite, Vascular composite, BMI and smoking status | 1.32 (1.17, 1.49) |
Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus. Diabetes duration and HbA1c are analysed as continuous variables, but were categorized for the DM composite score, which includes diabetes duration (0 = <10 years, 1 = 10–15 years, 2 = >15 years), HbA1c (0 = >5 and <12, 1= ≥12, 2 = ≤5), 3) use of insulin, hypoglycemic events and hyperglycemia events. Vascular composite includes presence of cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, and/or congestive heart failure.