Cell surface binding or entry receptors |
HIV-1 |
Presence of CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors on T cells required for cell entry |
Cellular |
3,4
|
Antiviral signalling by cytokines |
Myxoma virus |
ERK-dependent type I IFN signalling restricts productive infection |
Host and cellular |
39
|
Availability of host factors |
Hepatitis B virus |
The nuclear hormone receptors hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 and retinoid X receptor-α as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, which positively regulate viral RNA synthesis, are enriched in the liver |
Tissue and cellular |
118
|
Route of entrance |
Influenza A virus |
Trachea and bronchi |
Cellular |
119
|
Cell lineage |
Influenza A virus |
Lung cells |
Cellular |
69
|
Activation state of the cell |
Parvovirus H-1 |
Constitutive production of higher levels of nitric oxide and superoxide anion resticts virus infection |
Cellular |
120
|
CCR5, CC-chemokine receptor 5; CXCR4, CXC-chemokine receptor 4; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; IFN, interferon. |