Table 2.
Cytokine-determined viral tropism
| Cytokine | Virus | Demonstrated tropism | Antiviral mechanism | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type I IFNs | Myxoma virus | Host (mice) | Inhibition of viral mRNA translation through EIF2α phosphorylation by a kinase other than PKR | 39 |
| Daniels strain of Theiler's virus | Host (mice) | Unknown | 38 | |
| Coxsackievirus B3 | Tissue (cardiac tissue) | Unknown | 44 | |
| Influenza A/WSN/33 virus | Tissue (lung) | Unknown | 42 | |
| Polio virus | Tissue (CNS) | Expression of ISGs such as PKR and OAS proteins | 10 | |
| Sindbis virus | Tissue (CNS) and cellular (macrophage and dendritic cell lineage) | Inhibition of viral mRNA translation initiation | 43,50 | |
| Edmonston measles virus | Tissue (lung) | Unknown | 40 | |
| Vesicular stomatitis virus | Tissue (CNS) | Unknown | 41 | |
| Neurotropic coronavirus | Tissue (CNS) | Unknown | 46 | |
| West Nile virus | Tissue (CNS) | Expression of ISGs such as PKR and OAS proteins | 45 | |
| Type II IFN | Vaccinia virus | Tissue (CNS) and cellular (mouse fibroblasts) | Activation of IRF1 signalling by IFNγ in mouse fibroblasts | 58,59 |
| Sindbis virus | Tissue (CNS) and cellular (macrophage and dendritic cell lineage) | Activation of Jak–Stat signalling pathway in neurons | 60,61 | |
| Mouse hepatitis virus | Tissue (CNS) | Unknown | 62 | |
| Murine γ-herpesvirus (γMHV68) | Cellular (B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells) | Unknown | 121 | |
| Type III IFNs | Influenza A virus | Tissue (lung) and cellular (alveolar type II epithelial cells) | Induction of antiviral genes such as those encoding myxovirus resistance proteins, OAS proteins and ISG56 | 67,69 |
| Vaccinia virus | Tissue and cellular (epithelial cells) | Unknown | 68 | |
| TNF | Adenovirus and coxsackievirus B3 | Cellular (HUVECs) | Downregulation of the expression of virus-specific cell surface receptor (CAR) | 76,78 |
| HIV-1 | Cellular (macrophages) | Downregulation of the expression of virus-specific cell surface receptor (CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4) | 79 | |
| Type I IFNs and TNF | Myxoma virus | Cellular (macrophages) | Unknown | 66,75 |
| CAR, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor; CCR5, CC-chemokine receptor 5; CNS, central nervous system; CXCR4, CXC-chemokine receptor 4; EIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; IFN, interferon; IRF1, IFN response factor 1; ISG, IFN-stimulated gene; JAK, Janus family kinase; OAS, 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthase; PKR, dsRNA-dependent protein kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TNF, tumour necrosis factor. | ||||