Table 1.
Baseline Clinical and Echocardiographic Features of the Study Population According to the Presence of ECE
| Patients Without Events (n = 171) |
Patients With Events (n = 41) |
OR (95% CI) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | 42.8 ± 11.4 | 49.2 ± 11.6 | 1.05 (1.02–1.14) | 0.001 |
| History | ||||
| Valvuloplasty | 52 (30) | 20 (49) | 2.27 (1.13–4.57) | 0.022 |
| Anticoagulation therapy* | 37 (22) | 25 (61) | 0.164 (0.08–0.34) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation† | 32 (19) | 14 (34) | 2.25 (1.06–4.77) | 0.034 |
| BP, mm Hg | ||||
| Systolic | 117.4 ± 14.6 | 121.6 ± 17.8 | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 0.121 |
| Diastolic | 73.9 ± 11.0 | 79.6 ± 11.4 | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) | 0.004 |
| Cardiovascular measurements | ||||
| LVEF, % | 63.9 ± 7.4 | 61.1 ± 9.1 | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | 0.044 |
| Mitral valve area, cm2‡ | 1.19 ± 0.4 | 1.24 ± 0.3 | 1.35 (0.59–3.01) | 0.473 |
| Mean gradient, mm Hg | 9.9 ± 5.2 | 8.1 ± 3.7 | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.037 |
| LA diameter, mm | 50.2 ± 6.5 | 52.1 ± 8.6 | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 0.126 |
| 2D LA sphericity index | 1.29 ± 0.17 | 1.24 ± 0.24 | 0.23 (0.02–3.42) | 0.282 |
| 2D LA volume, ml/m2 | 58.9 ± 22.5 | 69.1 ± 45.5 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.070 |
| 3D LA volume, ml/m2 | 53.3 ± 20.1 | 64.8 ± 34.4 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.014 |
| 3D LA CSA, cm2/m2 | 12.7 ± 3.2 | 15.5 ± 5.5 | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) | <0.001 |
| 3D LAEF, % | 30.9 ± 15.0 | 23.5 ± 15.3 | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 0.029 |
| LA 3D shape index§ | 1.59 ± 0.4 | 1.28 ± 0.3 | 0.78 (0.69–0.88) | <0.001 |
Values are mean ± SD or n (%).
*
Anticoagulation therapy at the time of enrollment into the study.
†
Atrial fibrillation at the time of enrollment into the study.
‡
Mitral valve area was assessed by planimetry.
§
OR per 0.1-U increase.
2D = 2-dimensional; 3D = 3-dimensional; BP = blood pressure; CI = confidence interval; CSA = cross-sectional area; ECE = embolic cerebrovascular events; LA = left atrial; LAEF = left atrial emptying fraction; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; OR = odds ratio.