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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 25.
Published in final edited form as: JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 May;7(5):453–461. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.01.013

Table 1.

Baseline Clinical and Echocardiographic Features of the Study Population According to the Presence of ECE

Patients Without Events
(n = 171)
Patients With Events
(n = 41)
OR
(95% CI)
p Value
Age, yrs 42.8 ± 11.4 49.2 ± 11.6 1.05 (1.02–1.14) 0.001

History
  Valvuloplasty 52 (30) 20 (49) 2.27 (1.13–4.57) 0.022
  Anticoagulation therapy* 37 (22) 25 (61) 0.164 (0.08–0.34) <0.001
  Atrial fibrillation 32 (19) 14 (34) 2.25 (1.06–4.77) 0.034

BP, mm Hg
  Systolic 117.4 ± 14.6 121.6 ± 17.8 1.02 (0.99–1.04) 0.121
  Diastolic 73.9 ± 11.0 79.6 ± 11.4 1.05 (1.02–1.09) 0.004

Cardiovascular measurements
  LVEF, % 63.9 ± 7.4 61.1 ± 9.1 0.96 (0.92–0.99) 0.044
  Mitral valve area, cm2 1.19 ± 0.4 1.24 ± 0.3 1.35 (0.59–3.01) 0.473
  Mean gradient, mm Hg 9.9 ± 5.2 8.1 ± 3.7 0.91 (0.84–0.99) 0.037
  LA diameter, mm 50.2 ± 6.5 52.1 ± 8.6 1.04 (0.99–1.09) 0.126
  2D LA sphericity index 1.29 ± 0.17 1.24 ± 0.24 0.23 (0.02–3.42) 0.282
  2D LA volume, ml/m2 58.9 ± 22.5 69.1 ± 45.5 1.01 (0.99–1.02) 0.070
  3D LA volume, ml/m2 53.3 ± 20.1 64.8 ± 34.4 1.02 (1.01–1.03) 0.014
  3D LA CSA, cm2/m2 12.7 ± 3.2 15.5 ± 5.5 1.17 (1.07–1.28) <0.001
  3D LAEF, % 30.9 ± 15.0 23.5 ± 15.3 0.97 (0.94–0.99) 0.029
  LA 3D shape index§ 1.59 ± 0.4 1.28 ± 0.3 0.78 (0.69–0.88) <0.001

Values are mean ± SD or n (%).

*

Anticoagulation therapy at the time of enrollment into the study.

Atrial fibrillation at the time of enrollment into the study.

Mitral valve area was assessed by planimetry.

§

OR per 0.1-U increase.

2D = 2-dimensional; 3D = 3-dimensional; BP = blood pressure; CI = confidence interval; CSA = cross-sectional area; ECE = embolic cerebrovascular events; LA = left atrial; LAEF = left atrial emptying fraction; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; OR = odds ratio.