Table 4. Factors associated with intrapartum use of epidural analgesia.
| Variables | Nulliparous women: epidural vs. no epidural analgesia | Multiparous women: epidural vs. no epidural analgesia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted OR a (95% CI) | P | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted OR a (95% CI) | P | |
| Age <20 y | 0.42 (0.26–0.69) | 0.001 | 0.45 (0.27–0.73) | 0.001 | 0.15 (0.02–1.23) | 0.078 | 0.19 (0.02–1.51) | 0.115 |
| Age >34 y | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) | 0.002 | 1.05 (0.89–1.23) | 0.573 | 1.22 (1.10–1.36) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.493 |
| Prepregnancy BMI <19.8 kg/m2 | 1.12 (1.02–1.22) | 0.013 | 1.19 (1.09–1.31) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.10–1.36) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.20–1.50) | <0.001 |
| Prepregnancy BMI >24.2 kg/m2 | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 0.167 | 1.12 (0.98–1.36) | 0.087 | 1.32 (1.14–1.53) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.16–1.58) | <0.001 |
| Conception assisted by reproductive technology | 1.29 (0.85–1.96) | 0.232 | 1.17 (0.76–1.80) | 0.470 | 1.57 (0.80–3.59) | 0.193 | 1.39 (0.69–2.79) | 0.352 |
| Genetic amniocentesis | 1.29 (1.15–1.43) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.09–1.41) | 0.001 | 1.49 (1.35–1.65) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.33–1.72) | <0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking | 0.76 (0.34–1.70) | 0.502 | 0.88 (0.38–2.01) | 0.762 | 2.47 (0.45–13.51) | 0.296 | 2.37 (0.41–13.63) | 0.335 |
| Overt diabetes mellitus | 0.20 (0.06–0.67) | 0.009 | 0.16 (0.05–0.55) | 0.004 | 1.03 (0.31–3.38) | 0.961 | 0.83 (0.24–2.88) | 0.765 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) | 0.434 | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) | 0.218 | 1.40 (1.10–1.78) | 0.007 | 1.31 (1.01–1.69) | 0.039 |
| Chronic hypertension | 0.58 (0.27–1.26) | 0.169 | 0.66 (0.29–1.48) | 0.311 | 1.24 (0.31–4.95) | 0.765 | 1.09 (0.26–4.65) | 0.904 |
| Preeclampsia | 0.75 (0.54–1.06) | 0.102 | 0.78 (0.55–1.11) | 0.169 | 0.98 (0.54–1.79) | 0.943 | 0.86 (0.46–1.61) | 0.629 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.80 (0.27–2.35) | 0.689 | 0.73 (0.24–2.18) | 0.569 | 1.65 (0.37–7.37) | 0.513 | 1.55 (0.34–7.10) | 0.574 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 1.67 (0.73–3.81) | 0.226 | 1.72 (0.74–4.02) | 0.208 | 2.17 (0.63–7.40) | 0.218 | 1.65 (0.47–5.80) | 0.433 |
| Group B streptococcal colonization | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) | 0.002 | 1.23 (1.07–1.40) | 0.003 | 1.30 (1.14–1.48) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.12–1.46) | <0.001 |
| Premature rupture of membranes | 1.09 (0.75–1.61) | 0.646 | 0.97 (0.65–1.43) | 0.860 | 1.50 (0.82–2.76) | 0.193 | 1.38 (0.73–2.59) | 0.322 |
| Oligohydramnios | 0.62 (0.38–1.01) | 0.055 | 0.62 (0.37–1.03) | 0.065 | 0.35 (0.07–1.70) | 0.194 | 0.27 (0.05–1.36) | 0.112 |
| Polyhydramnios | 0.80 (0.27–2.35) | 0.689 | 0.85 (0.28–2.62) | 0.783 | 0.41 (0.04–3.96) | 0.442 | 0.34 (0.03–3.49) | 0.366 |
| Birth weight <2500 g | 0.55 (0.43–0.71) | <0.001 | 0.68 (0.51–0.90) | 0.008 | 0.86 (0.60–1.23) | 0.401 | 1.03 (0.68–1.58) | 0.879 |
| Birth weight >4000 g | 1.05 (0.75–1.48) | 0.771 | 1.05 (0.69–1.58) | 0.830 | 0.92 (0.67–1.25) | 0.573 | 0.77 (0.53–1.12) | 0.173 |
| Small-for-gestational age | 0.76 (0.67–0.86) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.75–1.00) | 0.052 | 0.82 (0.68–0.99) | 0.037 | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | 0.059 |
| Large-for-gestational age | 1.03 (0.85–1.25) | 0.790 | 0.91 (0.72–1.16) | 0.440 | 1.09 (0.92–1.30) | 0.305 | 1.07 (0.87–1.31) | 0.542 |
| Male fetus | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 0.150 | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 0.224 | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 0.689 | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 0.864 |
| Induction of labor | 1.71 (1.55–1.89) | <0.001 | 2.49 (2.19–2.83) | <0.001 | 2.31 (2.03–2.64) | <0.001 | 2.98 (2.55–3.49) | <0.001 |
| Augmentation of labor | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.660 | 1.66 (1.49–1.86) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 0.352 | 1.46 (1.30–1.64) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a Adjusted for maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index, conception method, genetic amniocentesis, cigarette smoking, overt or gestational diabetes mellitus, chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, group B streptococcal colonization, oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios, birth weight <2500 g, birth weight >4000 g, small-for-gestational age, large-for-gestational age, fetal sex, induction and augmentation of labor.